A Feminist Perspective of Othello Essay -- Othello essays

A Feminist Perspective of Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚      Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello closes the final scene of the last act with the spiritual superiority of the heroine firmly established over that of the hero. This is one of many aspects regarding the feminine perspective on the drama, the subject of this essay. A.C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the violence against the heroine as a â€Å"sin against the canons of art†: To some readers, again, parts of Othello appear shocking or even horrible. They think – if I may formulate their objection – that in these parts Shakespeare has sinned against the canons of art, by representing on the stage a violence or brutality the effect of which is unnecessarily painful and rather sensational than tragic. The passages which thus give offence are probably those already referred to – that where Othello strikes Desdemona (IV.i.251), that where he affects to treat her as an inmate of a house of ill-fame (IV.ii), and finally the scene of her death. (174) At the outset of the play only the male perspective is given: Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to the noise and Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. With Roderigo’s help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before: It is too true an evil: gone she is;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And what's to come of my despised... ...espearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

How Effective Is Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Solar energy is beaming energy that is produced by the Sun. Solar energy has been used since 400 B.C. It started to be commercialized during the eighteenth century. In present times, energy emitted by the Sun is harnessed by photovoltaic ( PV ) cells for assorted applications. These include domestic family utilizations, industrial usage, cardinal power Stationss and H2O warming intents. However, due to the technological restrictions, families can non be entirely dependent on solar energy. Compared to non renewable fuels, solar energy may stand for a cleansing agent alternate solution as it does non breathe harmful waste. In add-on, solar energy requires comparatively low care costs. But on the other manus, photovoltaic cells may be harmful to animal home grounds due to their broad land ingestion. In add-on, the presence of PV cells may interfere with natural lighting, rainfall and drainage. To get the better of such jobs, panels are mounted on roof tops of houses and industrial edifices. Another concern is in the signifier of wellness hazards to worlds presented by harmful substances contained within solar panels. Last, there is a possibility of H2O taint if H2O used for the intent of chilling photovoltaic cells is non treated decently. Even though solar merely accounts for 1 % of energy used globally, the hereafter of solar energy applications looks assuring. As the universe is progressively concerned about impacts on planetary environment and as more people use solar energy, economic systems of graduated table may cut down solar energy related costs. Many on-going surveies are concentrating on ways to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells every bit good as to bring forth electricity from solar energy at lower costs. Such betterments would do solar energy more feasible in the hereafter. History/Background of Use and Technology Background Solar energy is beaming energy that is produced by the Sun. Every twenty-four hours the Sun radiates an tremendous sum of energy. Yet, merely a little part of the energy radiated by the Sun into infinite strikes the Earth. About 15 % of the Sun ‘s energy that hits the Earth is reflected back into infinite. Another 30 % is used to vaporize H2O. Solar energy is besides absorbed by workss, the land and the oceans ( The Need Project, 2008 ) . The remainder could be used to provide our energy demands. History[ 1 ] Peoples have harnessed solar energy for centuries. Equally early as the seventh century B.C. the ancient Greek and Native Americans were the first to utilize solar power to their benefit. Peoples used simple magnifying spectacless to concentrate the visible radiation from the Sun into beams so hot they would do wood to catch fire. The first solar aggregator was built in 1776. The solar H2O warmer gained popularity early in 1920s and was in full swing merely earlier World War II. This growing lasted until the mid-1950s when low-priced natural gas became the primary fuel for warming. The populace and universe authoritiess remained mostly apathetic to the possibilities of solar energy until the oil deficits of the 1970s ( Solar Energy History, 2006 ) . Today, people use solar energy to heat edifices and generate electricity. While solar power is normally used today than any other clip in history, the basicss are about the same as they have ever been. The photovoltaic engineering has bee n updated so that the panels are thin and smaller but the engineering is fundamentally the same. Uses and Technology[ 2 ] In past decennaries, solar energy was used widely in different Fieldss of life. Back in 400 B.C. , Native Americans and ancient Greeks built their houses into the side of hills to take advantage of the heat storage from the Sun during the twenty-four hours that would so be released during the dark. On the other manus, Romans were the first to utilize glass Windowss to pin down the heat of the Sun in their places. They were focussed about the saving of solar energy that they erected glass houses to make the right conditions to turn workss and seeds. During the eighteenth century, legion discoverers came up with different thoughts of merchandises that facilitate use of solar energy. The first solar aggregator built in 1776 would so execute undertakings like infrigidation and motive power. The steam engine built in 1861 used 100 % solar energy. In 1880, the first visible radiation change overing photovoltaic cells were made from Se. 10 old ages subsequently, the first commercial H2O warmer was introduced. In the 1990s, solar power was seen as a great alternate to oil and crude oil merchandises. Therefore, it has been and is being utilised with the aid of engineering in bring forthing power. Presently, solar energy is used around the universe. It has been introduced and used extensively in industrial applications, residential places and cardinal power Stationss. Current Uses and Issues of Solar Energy The Earth ‘s atmosphere absorbs about 3.85 ten 1024 Js per twelvemonth, nevertheless merely a little portion of this energy can be harnessed by worlds due to technological restrictions. Nowadays, solar energy has many applications in around the universe and they are traveling to be discussed along with the issues they can do. Applications[ 3 ]: Residential Homes In recent old ages, there has been a rapid growing in the figure of installings of photovoltaic ( PV ) panels on to edifices that are connected to the electricity grid. This country of demand has been stimulated in portion by authorities subsidy programmes and by green pricing policies of public-service corporations or electricity service suppliers. In these grid-connected systems, PV System supply electricity to the edifice and any day-time surplus may be exported to the grid. Batteries are non required because the grid supplies any excess demand. In most states implementing the engineering, a policy called the Feed-In-Tariff ( FIT ) has been implemented in the system. This policy allows consumers to bring forth their ain electricity utilizing the PV system and to sell it to the grid. This has the possible advantage of cut downing their monthly electricity measure. The chief drawback of this application is that the monetary value of electricity will finally lift as the bring forthing companies will hold to maintain up their income and therefore the consumers will stop up paying more than they were paying before put ining the PV panels. Furthermore, the PV system can non bring forth adequate electricity at a stable rate for an full place to depend on it. Hence, houses can non be wholly dependent on solar energy with the current engineering. Industrial Applications Solar energy has been the power supply of pick for many industrial applications, where power is required at distant locations. These applications are economic and without subsidy. Examples of such utilizations are powering microwave repeater Stationss, Television and wireless, telemetry and wireless telephones. Solar energy is besides often used for transit signalling. For illustration, offshore pilotage buoys, beacons, aircraft warning visible radiations on pylons or constructions, and progressively in route traffic warning signals. The great benefit of solar energy here is that it is extremely dependable and requires small care so it is ideal in topographic points that are difficult to acquire to. However the PV panels may non be able to bring forth adequate electricity to carry through the electrical demands of the applications on cloudy or showery yearss. Therefore, these Stationss have to be connected to the grid or be equipped with generators working on oil or some other fuel. Cardinal Power Stations Solar energy can be harnessed utilizing PV panels to bring forth electricity. The largest solar power station can bring forth 354 MW of electricity. However to bring forth this sum of energy, people have to put in big Numberss of solar panel on a big sum of land, about 6.5 km2. This is really dearly-won. Furthermore, solar energy is intermittent and besides the solar panels have to be invariably adjusted so as to maximize the solar energy harnessed. Water warming Solar hot H2O systems use sunlight to heat H2O. In low geographical latitudes ( below 40A grades ) 60 % to 70 % of domestic hot H2O with temperatures up to 60A A °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The usage of solar hot H2O warmers is ideal if full Sun exposure is available and the use is traveling to be moderate. The cost to put in a domestic solar hot H2O system may be more than the money saved by non utilizing electricity from the grid for heating the H2O. Furthermore, the Sun is intermittent and therefore a uninterrupted supply of hot H2O can non be provided. Environmental Impact and Issues To cover with the issue of planetary heating and other jobs raised by non-renewable beginnings, solar energy represents a clean, alternate power solution towards the universe ‘s energy job. One of the chief grounds that make solar energy favorable compared to other is that it is environmental friendly, and the more efficaciously it is consumed, the more opportunities of it replacing fossil fuels as a chief beginning of energy. Although the after-effect of solar energy is mostly positive, the overall consequence should be to the full studied as attempts to detect its possible to travel frontward ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Some of the impacts and countries of concern are land perturbation, infinite consideration, risky constituent disposal and impact to H2O resources. To bring forth a perceivable sum of energy, a big figure of PV cells are required, which can take up a comparatively tremendous sum of infinite. For the intent of bring forthing electricity at a commercial graduated table, the building of solar energy installations requires relatively big countries for solar radiation aggregation ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Such big graduated table installings may interfere with natural sunshine, rainfall, and drainage, which could hold a assortment of effects on works and carnal life. This translates to an extra job where wildlife protection is concerned. Besides that, solar installations besides may interfere with bing land utilizations, such as farming. One practical solution for all these jobs could be to take advantage of fresh infinite on the roofs of houses and edifices and in urban and industrial tonss ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Photovoltaic panels may incorporate risky stuffs. Although risky constituents are good isolated under the solar operating system, there is a potency for environmental taint if improperly disposed of ( Solar energy Development Programmatic EIS Information Center ) . For illustration, liquids such as hydraulic fluids, coolants, and lubricators which normally use in most industry installations may show a spill hazard. Other issues are wellness concerns due to the risky stuff used such as arsenic, Si, and Cd. Inert Si can be unsafe if inhaled. Cadmium is highly toxic and can a cumulate in a given ecosystem if it is non monitored ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Other than land usage impact and risky disposal, H2O resources could besides be affected excessively, particularly the H2O that is required for the chilling of conventional steam workss used to bring forth electricity. In other words, addition in the demand for solar energy would necessitate a immense sum of H2O which could strive available H2O resources. Furthermore, if the chilling H2O is non appropriately treated, pollution of H2O resources could happen. However, this hazard can be minimized by good operating patterns ( Solar energy Development Programmatic EIS Information Center ) Current Future Outlook of Solar Energy Since the Sun is an ultimate energy beginning, the hereafter of solar energy seems assuring as no other beginning of energy may last forever. Solar power non merely promises a simple and non-polluting energy but besides a renewable beginning of energy ( Locsin, 2009 ) . However, the cost of using this solar energy is comparatively high ( Locsin, 2009 ) . While monetary values for electricity from photovoltaic cells may non go widely competitory compared to sweeping monetary values for electricity from conventional bring forthing engineerings within the following 25 old ages, they may be competitory with high retail electricity monetary values in cheery parts ( EIA a, 2009 ) . In cheery countries, the cost can be every bit low as 23 US cents per kilowatt-hour. EIA ‘s[ 4 ]Annual Energy Outlook 2009 undertakings that, by 2030, nightlong capacity costs for new bring forthing workss utilizing solar photovoltaic cells will be 37 % lower than the 2009 costs ( mention to calculate 1 ) . The sum of Sun energy that is presently able to be converted to electricity is comparatively low, about 7 % -17 % ( Bellis, 2010 ) . The possible energy that could be extracted from solar radiation is really big. Some experts estimate that the Sun can bring forth 10,000 times every bit much energy as the Earth used at the bend of the twenty-first century ( Ellis, 2010 ) . Entire U.S. installed solar thermic capacity, presently 400 megawatts, is projected to increase to 859 megawatts in 2030 ( EIA a, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 2 ) . Therefore, to be ideal and remain sustainable in the hereafter, world is suggested to efficaciously reap the energy from the Sun. As stated in the article, â€Å" Make Solar Energy Economical † ( 2008 ) , solar energy merely accounts for 1 % of the entire portion of energy consumed. Yet, the chances for bettering solar efficiency are assuring. Current criterion cells have a theoretical maximal efficiency of 31 % . But, add-on of new stuff may foster heighten the efficiency up to 34 % ( Think Solar Energy, 2009 ) . Another manner of bettering the efficiency involves a nanotechnology development which proposes that C nano-tubes may duplicate the efficiency of solar cells ( Think Solar Energy, 2009 ) . The use of solar energy is expected to increase with society ‘s turning concerns towards planetary heating and other issues related to planetary environment. In other words, to make a more sustainable universe, a great hope is laid on the solar energy. Research workers are besides working on developing engineerings that may let solar energy to be used in H2O electrolysis. The H from the H2O can so be used in fuel cells for transit and other utilizations ( The Optical Society of America, 2008 ) . Efficiency additions, coupled with other technological progresss, have been proven to cut down the cost of solar photovoltaic capacity from about US $ 300 per W in 1956 to less than US $ 5 per W in 2009 ( EIA a, 2009 ) . The efficiency of solar photovoltaic applications is expected to better farther as the engineering continues to be developed. As such, U.S. solar photovoltaic bring forthing capacity is projected to increase from 30 megawatts in 2006 to 381 megawatts in 2030 ( EIA a, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 2 ) . Scientists are encouraged to carry on more research in developing cheaper and more compatible solar panels with better efficiency that can vie with that of fossil fuels or other beginnings of energy to hike solar energy ingestion in the hereafter. Figure 2 -Net Generating Capacity Figure 1 -Projected Solar Capital Cost Brief Comparisons of Various Sources of Energy in the Future The current hereafter mentality for solar energy ingestion and demand show that it will non be the lone turning energy beginning. In the IEO[ 5 ]2009 survey, universe coal ingestion is besides forecasted to increase by 49 % from 2006 to 2030 and from 127.5 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 190.2 quadrillion Btu in 2030 ( mention to calculate 3 ) . Coal ‘s portion of universe energy ingestion will increase from 27 % in 2006 to 28 % in 2030. The growing rate for coal ingestion is reasonably even over the period, averaging 1.9 per centum per twelvemonth from 2006 to 2015 and 1.6 per centum per twelvemonth from 2015 to 2030. In the electric power sector its portion declines somewhat, from 42 per centum in 2006 to 40 per centum in 2020, and so increases to 42 per centum in 2030 ( EIA B, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 4 ) . Yet, behind the promising future mentality, over a span of clip and in the visible radiation of turning planetary heating argument, many consumers would choose for an surrogate more environmental friendly beginning of energy. Chiefly because of harmful coal emanations every bit good as the issue of militias handiness in the hereafter. Advancement in engineering is expected to drive down the use costs of solar energy to the degree where it is able to vie with coal and consumers will slowly get down devouring more solar energy. Figure 4 – Universe Coal Share Consumption Figure 3 – World Coal Consumption World liquids ingestion for the intent of electric power beginnings at the same clip is reported to increase in the IEO2009 mention instance from 85 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( 173 quadrillion Btu ) in 2006 to 107 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( 216 quadrillion Btu ) in 2030, despite universe oil monetary values that remain above US $ 100 per barrel ( in existent 2007 dollars ) from 2013 through the terminal of the projection period ( refer to calculate 5 ) . In the mention instance, the mean universe oil monetary value rises from US $ 61 per barrel in 200911 to US $ 110 per barrel in 2015 and US $ 130 per barrel in 2030 ( US $ 189 per barrel in nominal footings ) . In the low monetary value instance, oil monetary values average US $ 50 per barrel in 2030 ( US $ 73 per barrel in nominal footings ) , compared with US $ 200 per barrel ( US $ 289 per barrel in nominal footings ) in the high monetary value instance ( EIA c, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 6 ) . Sustained high universe oil monetary values due to proficient trouble, bad and really expensive polish undertakings – including those located in ultra-deep H2O and the Arctic, in combination with the draining of fuel militias and the pollution job will in the long term force consumers to exchange to cheaper, cleaner, and more eco-friendly energy such as solar. Figure 6 – Universe Oil Monetary values Figure 5 – World Liquid Consumption Last, in the IEO2009 mention instance, natural gas ingestion in non Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) states in peculiar is reported to turn more than twice every bit fast as in OECD states. Worldwide, entire natural gas ingestion will increase by an norm of 1.6 % per twelvemonth from 104 trillion three-dimensional pess in 2006 to 153 trillion three-dimensional pess in 2030 ( EIA d, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 7 ) . Despite its turning demands and ingestion in the hereafter, keeping the premise of universe oil monetary values that remains high through the terminal of the projection of 2030, consumers would choose for the relatively less expensive natural gas for their energy demands whenever possible ( EIA d, 2009 ) . Natural gas has besides become an attractive pick for new bring forthing workss for its comparative fuel efficiency and less C dioxide produced compared to char or crude oil. However, in the long tally, the handiness of the recoverable natural gas militias will besides be of concern and costs will non stay as they are but will increase over clip hence driving consumers towards the use of solar energy as an surrogate energy that has greater length of service. Figure 7 – World Natural Gas Consumption Decision Solar energy has been used for centuries. It is a cleaner energy beginning with great potency for a universe where assorted steps are being taken to follow greener, more sustainable patterns. Intermittent Sun, high operation costs and ongoing research into efficient engineerings limit current solar usage. Research into methods of increasing harnessed energy from the Sun will in bend addition solar energy usage which presently is a infinitesimal part of the universe ‘s entire energy usage. There are environmental concerns but these can be minimised with equal handling. To be more sustainable, mankind are suggested to efficaciously reap energy from the Sun. Although the cost of using this solar energy in comparing with of other non renewable beginnings of energy is still comparatively high, through promotions in engineering and research, it is projected to diminish to a degree where it is able to vie with other beginnings of energy such as coal, fuels and natural gas. The Sun, unlike any other energy beginning, is an ultimate energy beginning that may last everlastingly assuring a simple and non-polluting energy.

Early College High School College - 1300 Words

EARLY COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL Early College High Schools (ECHS) are innovative high schools that allow students least likely to attend college an opportunity to earn a high school diploma and 60 college credit hours. Early College High Schools: †¢ provide dual credit at no cost to students †¢ offer rigorous instruction and accelerated courses †¢ provide academic and social support services to help students succeed †¢ increase college readiness, and †¢ reduce barriers to college access. The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Through an agreement with University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Slaton High School students will be given an opportunity to earn both high school and college credit for the following courses through Interactive Television Broadcast or Online: †¢ ENGL 1301 – Composition I (English III) ENGL 1302 – Composition II (English III) †¢ ENGL 2322 – British Literature to 1800 (English IV) ENGL 2323 – British Literature since 1800 (English IV) ENGL 2327 – American Literature to 1865 †¢ HIST 1301 – US to 1877 (U.S. History) †¢ HIST 1302 – US since 1877 (U.S. History) Music 2310 – Jazz, Pop, and Rock †¢ PSYC 1301 – Intro to Psychology SOC 1301 – Intro to Sociology ART 1301 – Art Appreciation †¢ COMM1315 – Intro to Public Speaking (Communication Apps) CRIM 2336 – Intro to Criminology †¢ ENGL 2328 – American Literature since 1865 †¢ MATH 1314 – College Algebra MATH 2412 – Pre-Calculus MATH 2413 – Calculus I †¢ PLSC 2305 – American National Politics (US Government) SPANShow MoreRelatedStudents Of The Metro Early College High School2335 Words   |  10 PagesWe, the students of the Metro Early College High School, in order to promote the conditions of our peers and provide prosperity to our community, both as students and citizens, for the continuity of our school and for the classmen to come do establish this as the constitution of the Student Council of the Metro Early College High School. Article One: The Purpose and Composition of the Student Council Section One: The Purpose of the Student Council The Student Council is a Student Government organizationRead MoreEarly College High School : Foundations Of Successful Career1273 Words   |  6 PagesEarly College High School Foundations of successful career considerably rely on the early college life successes. It is a commonly believed and supported that, for a successful career, strong academic records are highly pivotal as they provide a solid and impeccable foundation to the career. And this can only be achieved through engaging oneself in all academic courses which are taught in every class of high school and college life. For this objective, undivided attention, effective time managementRead MoreSince Early College High School Was Founded In The Year1448 Words   |  6 PagesSince Early College High School was founded in the year 2006, the school and its students have always been at disadvantage. The school has lacked several opportunities such sports, scholarship opportunities, etc. However, a topic that has been the spotlight of discussion amongst students over the course of eleven years has been the lack of extracurricular activities. This problem does not only affect students, but it rather a ffects faculty members as well. Although there has been a slow but gradualRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School1250 Words   |  5 Pagesif the students in high school are thinking about going to the next level after graduation? Its defiantly one of the best ideas to make and that’s from my own personal experience. College isn’t for everyone; we all know that saying. But what people don’t understand is how far they can grow in your dreams and careers in the future. 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Advantages and Disadvantages Of The Louisiana Purchase - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: The Louisiana Purchase Essay Did you like this example? The Louisiana Purchase constituted many advantages and disadvantages for President Thomas Jefferson and for the country. Some of the moral dilemmas included were, whether to purchase Louisiana and turning on what the constitution says. Jefferson believed in strict constructionism meaning he found ways to incorporate ideas for certain instances into the constitutions laws that werent initially written in there. So, while he is having a hard time figuring out whether he should purchase Louisiana, he is also worried about what people may think of him if he disobeys the constitution.   The Louisiana Purchase posed many advantages for the country. Jeffersons decision to buy Louisiana expanded the U.S. massively. By any measure, it was one of the most colossal land transactions in history, involving an area larger than todays France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and the British Isles combined (Harriss). If Jefferson would not have made the purchase, the U.S. lands would not be the same. Another advantage to the situation was the underground features. The new land flourished in gold, silver, and many other ores that people would eventually mine and use as currency (Harriss). This meant that more people would immigrate to the United States, increasing the population. With the population increasing, the U.S. needed more housing and jobs available. People began to build up cities and towns until there was more than enough room for everyone. The expansion also led to more agriculture and farming, benefitting the people (paying jobs) and the countr y (Harriss). As people worked in farming, money was made, and the country eventually acheived wealthiness. This contributed to the building of roads and new businesses. The U.S. continued to grow beneficially because of Jeffersons decision. Although there were many influencing aspects of purchasing Louisiana, there were also some downfalls. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages and Disadvantages Of The Louisiana Purchase" essay for you Create order Since the purchase expanded the U.S. so greatly, they came across problems that affected how the country grew. Thomas Jefferson was a huge public figure and was viewed as a positive influence to many people, but there were some that did not agree with his ways. He was known for being the one to make sure what he wants to do is done in a constitutional manner. When people accused Jefferson as being unconstitutional because of his strict constructionism, he made sure to prove them wrong. Jefferson had always stated his strong belief that the federal governments powers should be interpreted strictly. Article IV of the Constitution said new states could be added, but made no provision for taking on foreign territories, Jefferson argued that a constitutional amendment was needed. (Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase). Jefferson struggled to convince the government that there were no rules against buying foreign lands. He eventually decided to try to justify the situation. He wrote in 180 3, The General Government has no powers but such as the Constitution gives it. it has not given it power of holding foreign territory, and still less of incorporating it into the Union. An amendment of the Constitution seems necessary for this. (Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase). All of this to say, Jefferson did not have a strong bond with his people, and this negatively affected the way the U.S. grew. Along with Jefferson being frowned upon for his doings, there were other disadvantages to the Louisiana Purchase. Before the purchase, France had just taken control over Louisiana. After the U.S. took over Louisiana, Jefferson found out this information and instantly felt differently about the situation. French-controlled Louisiana would become a point of eternal friction with us, he wrote in April 1802, and would force us to marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. (Greenspan). This instance created some tension between the two countries. Another complication was that of people of the U.S. having an opinion about buying Louisiana. Fisher Ames wrote, We are to give money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much. (Greenspan). The U.S. had already claimed a lot of land and people began to think that it was too much. Jefferson did not think much about this and still bought it.   Was Thomas Jefferson a bad president? In my opinion, no, he was not a bad president. Jefferson may have used strict constructionism during his presidency (although some did not like it), but it truly exploited the United States future decisions and doings. While Jefferson was president, he accomplished many things. While president, Jeffersons principles were tested in many ways. But Jefferson stood firm in ending the importation of slaves and maintaining his view of the separation of church and state. In the end, Jefferson completed two full and eventful terms as president. He also paved the way for James Madison and James Monroe, his political prot? ©g? ©s, to succeed him in the presidency. (Thomas Jefferson Establishing a Federal Republic). As the article says, he did not back down on his beliefs. He stayed loyal to the country and made it possible for others to become president as well. Jefferson will always be remembered for his intelligent decisions. He led his country to gr eat places and is thanked for doing so.   In the end, I think that purchasing Louisiana had its ups and downs but each one benefited the United States. For better or for worse, I believe that the U.S. would not be where it is today without the Louisiana Purchase. Though we may have had some complications, this decision impacted the country in many ways and could not have been done without Thomas Jefferson. At the beginning, he was not fully trusted but people warmed up to his strict ways and realized that he knew what he was doing. Thomas Jefferson had some moral dilemmas along the way, but they challenged him to be the best president that he could be. He stood strong on his beliefs and never backed down which allowed people of the country to count on him for loyalty.

Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon

In the article â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† by Jean Anyon. She argues that there is a serious gap in quality and level of education in the public school system. The gap widens as you progress up from working class to middle class and on through affluent professional to executive elite. Based on her research I would have to agree with her. Anyons research revealed that the working class students are not given the same opportunities to learn as students in the other classes. Whether it be by the teacher editing the curriculum because as one teacher in Anyons article said â€Å"Simple punctuation is all they’ll ever use†. This points to a problem with quality of teachers and their attitude more than a problem with curriculum.†¦show more content†¦All this information goes more to proving that the real problem is that the lower classes are more often stuck with teachers that are not motivated enough to teach students the complete curriculum because they don’t believe the children will amount to anything more than their parents.The lack of motivation could be caused by their low pay, crowded schools or maybe the location affects the students and teachers to a point that eventually no one cares and this compounds over the years. Creativity or the lack of encouraging creativity can be seen decli ning as you get lower in the class level in Anyons research. She states â€Å"Work tasks do not usually request creativity† and â€Å"Creativity is not often requested in social studies and Science projects†. In an article entitled â€Å"The Impact of Creativity on the Brain† by Judy Willis M.D; M.E.D posted on the website Radtech.com. â€Å"Neuroscience and cognitive science research are increasingly providing information that correlates creativity with intelligence; academic, social, and emotional success; and the development of skill sets and the highest information processing (Executive functions)†. This basically states that if creativity is encouraged then the upper intelligence functions of students are developed which includes social and emotional success. Which shows that if you stifle creativity you basically limit theShow MoreRelatedSocial Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon1447 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article â€Å"F rom Social Class to the Hidden Curriculum of Work,† written by Jean Anyon, he argues that the working-class and affluent communities both receive a learning-based education, the working-class lacks the fundamentals. Supporting this claim is Diane Ravitch in â€Å"The Essentials of a Good education† stating affluent communities provide classes beyond the essentials, including extra-curricular classes and activities with well-equipped material for their children to obtain. ContrastivelyRead MoreJean Anyon s Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work1245 Words   |  5 PagesJean Anyon’s â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† What does social class mean? Social class means a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum means a side effect of education, such as norms, values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly, Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† claims that each and every social class has it’s own very different way of teaching in schools. AnyonRead More Social Class and Quality of Education Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the concerns regarding social justice in education is that there are marginalised groups within society do not having equal access to the learning and life opportunities that they deserve. The concept of social justice stresses that every individual within society is entitled to have equal rights and opportunities. This means that an individual from a lower class background deserves the same opportunities as a person from a wealthier backgro und. It is about becoming aware and recognising thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Curriculum On Their Intended Beneficiaries842 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed in the readings of Jean Anyon and John Taylor Gatto. American Citizens success is directly correlated to the quality of education they receive. The quality of education changes with location, and location is determined by income. Even if by chance an individual is able to locate a viable institution. The curriculum may harm a child intellectual growth more than it would stimulate it. John Taylor Gatto argues that standardized curriculum is boring our students, and crushingRead MoreSummarization Of Jean Anyon s Article1275 Words   |  6 PagesSummarization of Jean Anyon’s Article Jean Anyon is a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University in New York and is an expert in educational policy. Her published works consist of Theory and Education Research: Toward Critical Social Explanation and Radical Responsibilities: Public Policy, Urban Development and a New Social Movement. Anyon’s article, â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† was first featured in 1980 in the Journal of Education. Her essay regarding teachingsRead MoreRhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum875 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† Many issues in the 1900’s have been affecting jobs, social classes, and student’s education. In particular, fifth graders are being divided by their parents work level. Because this is happening, students will have unequal fairness on the outcome of the education they will receive. Jean Anyon, the author of â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work,† employs important concepts and powerful illustration to prove thatRead MoreWhat Does Social Class Mean?875 Words   |  4 Pages What does social class mean? Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum is a side effect of education, such as norms,values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly to Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† she claims that each and every social class has its very own different way to teaching schooling. Anyon states a plethora of s trengths and weaknesses in this article.Read MoreEnglish 1011689 Words   |  7 Pagesis it such an easy word to understand but such a tedious task to accomplish? We come from a society that hands out education easily, however that education comes with a price. Jean Anyon explains this process through her research in From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. Anyon dissects the socio-economic class that determines the types of instruction students receive. Through her research one can compare her findings to Mike Rose’s narrative, I Just Wanna Be Average, to be true andRead MoreEssay on Prejudice Destroyed the American Dream1008 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple discriminations in this country, which make it impossible for everyone to have the same chance to succeed. Biases against racial minorities, women, and citizens from lower social classes are examples of just a few reasons that everyone does not have the same chance to succeed in our current economic and soci al system in America, resulting in unequal chances to achieve â€Å"the American Dream.† One major factor that decides how successful someone will be is determined by race. Although by lawRead MoreDifferences Social Class and Success2563 Words   |  11 Pagesoften already knew the concepts behind the materials taught. Jean Anyon further supports and agrees with Gatto’s statements about the public school system. In her article, she specifies that schools in wealthy communities are far better than those of poorer communities, and they better prepare children for desirable jobs. Anyon concluded these finding by investigating schools in four different social classes, ranging from working class to executive elite schools. The purpose

Research Proposal Developments and Evaluation

Questions: 1.What is/are the research question/s?2.What is the proposed rationale/contribution?3.What is the methodology?4.What are the primary methods utilised?5.What kind of sampling approach is used?6.How were the results presented?7.What ethical considerations were documented? Answers: 1. The article on Social integration of Australian Muslims primarily focuses on understanding the social issues that are faced by the Muslims in Australia. Hence, the major research question is based on social issues about Islam that are explained by the Muslim leaders of Australia and the actions that are undertaken by these leaders to resolve the problems (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). According to the leaders, the media misleads the perceptions of the public by interacting biased and distorted narratives. Hence, the primary research question is what are the social issues related to Muslims in Australia and how does the Muslim leaders in neutralise the issues of social misleads in Australia (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016)? Evaluation: According to Maggi Walter (2013), social research is differs to a scientific and management research through the context of questions asked in the study. It is important for a social research to ask questions that brings up any social issue that are taking place in the society or community. Walter says that social research is about seeking answer and investigating social questions that people ask about the real world. Considering the fact, it can be seen that the article is up to mark that asks a social question, what are the social issues related to Muslims in Australia and how does the Muslim leaders in neutralise the issues of social misleads in Australia? Hence, the research question helps to known about the social status of the Muslims in Australia and how the Muslim leaders deals with the issues of racism, injustice and terrorism status in the Australian state (Kelly, 2016). 2.Article: The identified article shows the Australians support towards multiculturalism and migration. Conversely, the anti-Muslim sentiments in the case of the Muslim migration have been largely defined showing evidence such as media disclosures (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Meanwhile, anti-Muslim persistent of prominent Australian leaders has been reconciled in the article leading to humiliation, injustice and racism towards the Australian Muslims. Admittedly, the role of the public has been identified through the article as the social public has not largely derived from the misleading information about the Muslim actions (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Precisely, the article talks about Muslim integrity if the media has replaced the dehumanising images about the Muslim community. Moreover, through the identification of social relationship, the study adopts dramaturgical perspective to judge the position of the individuals from sensitive point of view. As quoted in the study, Using the imagery of drama, he took advantage of a panoply of theatrical terms such as props, script, front and back stages, role, scenario, performance and character to explain the dynamics of presentation of self in face-to-face interactions, it is quite clear that the implications of the leaders have delivered dynamic roles of social integrity, trust and identity of people (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Evaluation: Predominantly, the research study represents the social integration of the Muslim community living in Australia under the leadership political leaders. Throughout the study paper, the authors, Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016) describes the role of the Muslim leaders to build up a political strategy for representing a clear image about Islam has been seemed to be missing in the article. However, according to the investigation, the authors identify that the Australian culture does not derive Muslim community as intolerant, arrogant and egotistical. Critically, the study argues about the foreign policy, labour market structure and cultural values of Australia under the social system integration (Forcese and Richer, 2013). Decisively, the Muslim leaders in Australia have found to be somewhat powerless influencing the dignity of the minority group within the country (Kelly, 2016). Furthermore, through the research study, authors describe the tolerant, law-abiding and peaceful li ving standards of Australian Muslims. Moreover, through the interviews of the Muslim leaders, Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016) identify the unfair and detrimental media representation about the Muslim community living in Australia. 3. Article: Considering the article on Social integration of Australian Muslims: A dramaturgical perspective by Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016), it can be seen that a dramaturgical model has been utilised to collect data and conduct the analysis. The article mainly focuses on the interaction with thirty Muslim leaders in Australia conducted in the form of direct interviews. Most of these leaders hold a good position in the Australian Muslim Community. The research has been conducted on a qualitative basis that presents the findings in a thematic manner. The data has been collected by conducting in-depth interviews of thirty Muslim Leaders who live in Sydney and Melbourne during 2010 and 2011 (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). The article also presents the name of the participants in the list presented in the appendix. The interview has been conducted in an interactive way in which the participants are asked few questions and a discussion has been made on the given topic. The article sho ws that most of the participants were integrationist who worked for the welfare of the Muslim community in Australia. Integrationists are the people who believe in and support any social integration. They work for the social benefit of the community. Hence, the feedbacks of the participants have been used in context to the research question to present the direct thoughts of the Muslims living in Australia. On the other hand, the research can be termed as descriptive in nature that provides additional information on the chosen field of study. Evaluation: Considering the methodology used in the research, it can be seen that the authors have utilised the dramaturgical model of research study (Goffman, 1959). Goffman (1959) first presents a detailed analysis and description of a meaning and process in a mundane interaction. It is a process of conducting an analysis by interacting with different people belonging to a same field of study. Dramaturgical model is primarily used in social research to present the thoughts of the people regarding any social issues going on in the community. According to Glazkov (2016), it is a process of interacting with people to get information about the social matters and observe their thoughts to present the findings in a dramaturgical manner. In the article, the interviews are conducted by interacting with the participants in a discussion manner and findings are transcribed and analysed thematically (Stone, 1957). The research is conducted in a manner of performance in which the participants p layed their character according to the role and scenario. Walter (2013) says that dramaturgical perspective is one of the most suitable ways of conducting a social research that helps to present the findings as per the current view of the social volunteers. On the other hand, the methodology shows that the research has been conducted in a descriptive way in which more information can be added to the field of social issues among Muslims in Australia (Somekh and Lewin, 2005). The research is mainly based on qualitative analysis in which the research questions are answered to present a solution to the social issues. Hence, the Dramaturgical method has been well used in the study to provide realistic thoughts of the social activist in the country. It increases the reliability of the findings and makes reader aware of the actual facts in the community. 4. Article: The primary methods that are utilised in the article are the interviews that were conducted to collect primary data from the leading socialist Muslims of Sydney and Melbourne. It can be seen from the article of Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016), that most of the participants were integrationist who actively plays their role in improving the current status of the Muslims in Australia. In other words, the Muslim leaders chosen for the collection of data were the active members of the Australian Muslim Community who promote, encourage and advocate the social integration of the Muslims in the society. Hence, the primary sources of data were selected keeping in mind their professional backgrounds and social activities (Selltiz, 2009). Each interview was conducted for around 40 minutes in which the participants were presented with different themes on integration of Muslims in Australia. The participants were asked to present their views and understanding of the problems (Sohrabi a nd Farquharson, 2016). On the other hand, the participants were also asked to present the activities they undertake to mitigate such social issues in the community and society. Evaluation: Precisely, the identified primary methods used in the article are truly effective to evaluate each of the result of the interviews. Through the identification of the primary data received from the interview sessions, the role and responsibility of the leaders have been noted as a source of research data to evaluate how the leaders have played their part in promoting the peaceful mindset of Islamic community (Tahe and Laeheem, 2013). Also, the different approach of integrationists and isolationists has been identified through the primary data collection methods. Admittedly, the review of the interview outcomes has represented the everyday conflict situations of the Islamic community living in Australia that is one of the major benefits of the primary method (Mansouri and Lobo, 2011). 5. Article: As the sampling approach is an essential part of a research study, this particular research case determines significant sampling technique, to say the least. From the study, it is quite clear that in-depth interviews were conducted with well-known Muslim leaders during the period of 2010 and 2011 (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). On basis of the process, the sampling approach has been identified as stratified sampling method to understand the orderly stance of the sub-groups included in the investigation (Stuart and Cochran, 2013). Precisely, the sub-groups included herein were miscellaneous ethnic and political leader groups belong to Muslim religion in Australia. On the other hand, in sampling secondary resources such as the internet has been taken into consideration to produce the best data collection suitable for the research study (Boddy and Dominelli, 2016). Conveniently, majority of the study participants has been recognised as Australian-born or brought up Muslims in Australia. Meanwhile, stratified sampling method has helped to identify the social integration of the participants regarding to the broader perspective. With different knowledge, political views and experience level, the identified thirty interviewing correspondents were asked to reflect their ideas and concepts on the given sections in order to gather compatible data regarding democracy, culture and social responsibility. Clearly, the sampling technique has been issues to promote broader composition of social integration. Evaluation: On a positive note, the research study has identified significant Muslim people so that their respective social work has been featured in the article. Precisely, most of the selected interviewers have been designated in the higher levels of media working for the social benefits of the Muslim community living in Australia. Through the interview session, it has been identified that most of the leaders are integrationist by nature. Through the media interactions, the leaders have influenced the non-Muslim community to understand the peaceful mindset of the Muslim. On this note the sampling was absolutely significant (Tahe and Laeheem, 2013). Secondly, in sampling approach out of the thirty candidates, eighteen has been male and rest of the twelve interviewers are female candidates. On this regard the sampling for the study includes opinion according to the gender equality. 6. Article: Throughout the entire research, most of the Muslim leaders have been identified as integrationist whereas some of the leaders are found to be isolationists. The integrationist leaders are quite clear about their views promoting Islam and peace through media. On the other hand, isolationist Muslim leaders have seemed to decline the thought of social integration (Hjelm, 2011). Although the minority of Muslim leaders are identified as isolationist, it shows negative intents of the leaders to the larger audience. In terms of broader perspective, descriptive analysis of the leadership thought and ideas have been presented as the result outcome to influence the non-Muslim community in a positive way. Evaluation: In terms of evaluation of the article, the reporting of identified data has been produced in a strategic way to show how majority of the Muslim leaders in Australia have performed their roles and responsibilities. Moreover, the outcome of the research has verified the attempts of the integrationist Muslim leaders to build up a Muslim identity according to the Australian culture (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Evidently, the outcome of the research article shows how the leadership has changed the mindset of the Muslim community towards non-Muslim Australians enhancing communication standards and societal benefits. Clearly, a peaceful image of Muslim community and their intention have been briefed throughout the study. 7. Article: Both the political and collective aspects associated with the Muslim community have been considered to conduct the study. Precisely, the respondents of the interview have been given the options to use either their real name or pseudonyms (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2014). Meanwhile, the secrecy of the respondents has been kept secret following the ethical dignity. In addition to that, the alternative peaceful image of the Muslim life has been promoted to the non-Muslim community of Australia showing the symbolic feature of Islam. Thus, the ethical role of the Muslim leaders has been highlighted throughout the study paper (Hjelm, 2011). Apparently, the research does not describe the hostile climate of the Muslim communitys everyday life due to ethical background. Evaluation: In order to conduct the research, there have been issues regarding Muslim activism attached to the role of the Muslim leaders in enhancing conflict situation. For ethical basis, the outcome has been restricted to some extent. However, the research on integrationist Muslim leaders has been depicted in the research outcome to show the misleading information of the news channels and Australian media (Jupp, 2001). Typically the research has documented that the Muslim leaders have participated in the media interviews to denounce terrorism and hostility condemning the activities. Meanwhile, such attributes may ethically inspire the non-Muslim community to identify the peaceful mindset of Muslims. References Boddy, J. and Dominelli, L. (2016). Social Media and Social Work: The Challenges of a New Ethical Space.Australian Social Work, pp.1-13. Forcese, D. and Richer, S. (2013).Social research methods. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Glazkov, K. (2016). Erving Goffmans Gaming Concept of Everyday Life: Between Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology.RSR, 15(2), pp.167-191. Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York, Penguin. Hjelm, T. (2011).Religion and social problems. New York: Routledge. Jupp, J. (2001).The Australian people. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. Kelly, A. (2016).Social Research Methods. University of London International Programmes. Mansouri, F. and Lobo, M. (2011).Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relations. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Selltiz, C. (2009).Research methods in social relations. [New York]: Holt. Sohrabi, H. (2015). Identity and Muslim leadership: the case of Australian Muslim leaders.Contemporary Islam, 10(1), pp.1-16. Sohrabi, H. and Farquharson, K. (2014). Australian Muslim leaders and normalisation discourses.Ethnicities, 15(5), pp.633-651. Sohrabi, H. and Farquharson, K. (2016). Social integration of Australian Muslims: A dramaturgical perspective.Journal of Sociology, 52(2), pp.387-402. Somekh, B. and Lewin, C. (2005).Research methods in the social sciences. London: SAGE Publications. Stone, G. (1957). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Erving Goffman.American Journal of Sociology, 63(1), pp.105-105. Stuart, A. and Cochran, W. (2013). Sampling Techniques.Econometrica, 31(4), p.773. Tahe, H. and Laeheem, K. (2013). The Causes of Reduction of the Role in Youth Management According to the Islamic Way among Muslim Leaders in the Three Southern Border Provinces.Asian Social Science, 9(17). Walter, M. (2013).Social research methods. 3rd edition. Australia, Oxford Press University.

The Kickapoo Indians Essays - Native American Tribes In Iowa

The Kickapoo Indians The Kickapoo Indians are Algonkian-speaking Indians, related to the Sauk and Fox, who lived at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, probably in present Columbia County, Wis., U.S., when first reported by Europeans in the late 17th century. The Kickapoo were known as formidable warriors whose raids took them over a wide territory, ranging as far as Georgia and Alabama to the southeast; Texas and Mexico to the southwest; and New York and Pennsylvania to the east. Early in the 18th century part of the tribe settled near the Milwaukee River and, after the destruction of the Illinois Indians c. 1765, moved south to Peoria. One band extended as far as the Sangamon River and became known as the Prairie band; another pushed east to the Wabash and was called the Vermilion band. In 1809 and 1819, under the pressure of advancing white settlers, the Kickapoo ceded their lands in Illinois to the United States, moving to Missouri and then to Kansas. About 1852 a large group went to Texas, and from there to Mexico, where another party joined them in 1863. Some returned to Indian Territory in 1873 and later years. The remainder was granted a reservation in eastern Chihuahua State, in northern Mexico; other Kickapoo reside in Oklahoma and Kansas. Only a few Kickapoo village names have survived Etnataek, Kickapougowi, and Kithlipecanuk. The Kickapoo lived in fixed villages, moving between summer and winter residences; they raised corn (maize), beans, and squash and hunted buffalo on the plains. Their society was divided into several exogamous, named clans based on descent through the paternal line. By the 19th century, as a result of scattering in small villages to prevent attack, central tribal authority had broken down, and chiefs of the various bands had become autonomous. From the beginning of European contact, the Kickapoo resisted acculturation in economic, political, and religious matters, retaining as many of their old ways as possible. Before contact with Europeans, the Kickapoo lived in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan in the area between Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Beginning in the 1640s, the Algonquin tribes in this region came under attack from the east, first by the Ottawa and Iroquian-speaking Neutrals, and then the Iroquois. By 1658 the Kickapoo had been forced west into southwest Wisconsin. About 1700 they began to move south into northern Illinois and by 1770 had established themselves in central Illinois (near Peoria) extending southeast into the Wabash Valley on the western border of Indiana. After wars with the Americans and settlement of the Ohio Valley, they signed treaties during 1819 ceding their remaining land east of the Mississippi River and relocated to southern Missouri (1819-24). Initially, most moved to the lands assigned them, but many remained in central Illinois and refused to leave until they were forcibly removed by the military in 1834. Fewer than half actually stayed on their Miss ouri reserve. Several bands wandered south and west until the Kickapoo were spread across Oklahoma and Texas all the way to the Mexican border (and beyond). In 1832 the Missouri Kickapoo exchanged their reserve for lands in northeast Kansas. After the move, factions developed, and in 1852, a large group left and moved to Chihuahua in northern Mexico. Apparently, there were Kickapoo already living there by this time. Others joined these Mexican Kickapoo between 1857 and 1863. Few remained in Kansas. Between 1873 and 1878, approximately half of the Mexican Kickapoo returned to the United States and were sent to Oklahoma. Currently, there are three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes: the Kickapoo of Kansas the Kickapoo of Oklahoma and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. By 1660 almost all Great Lakes Algonquin were living as refugees in mixed villages in Wisconsin. Intermarriage and mixed populations made accurate counts impossible. The French estimated there were 2,000 Kickapoo in 1684 but by 1759 had increased this to 3,000. Later counts were equally suspect. By 1817 the Kickapoo had absorbed the Mascouten, and the American estimate was 2,000. This seems to have been the last time that the Kickapoo stood still long enough to be counted. A federal Indian agent during 1825 gave 2,200, but he admitted only 600 of them were actually on the Missouri reserve.