Advantages and Disadvantages Of The Louisiana Purchase - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 997 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/10/31 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: The Louisiana Purchase Essay Did you like this example? The Louisiana Purchase constituted many advantages and disadvantages for President Thomas Jefferson and for the country. Some of the moral dilemmas included were, whether to purchase Louisiana and turning on what the constitution says. Jefferson believed in strict constructionism meaning he found ways to incorporate ideas for certain instances into the constitutions laws that werent initially written in there. So, while he is having a hard time figuring out whether he should purchase Louisiana, he is also worried about what people may think of him if he disobeys the constitution.   The Louisiana Purchase posed many advantages for the country. Jeffersons decision to buy Louisiana expanded the U.S. massively. By any measure, it was one of the most colossal land transactions in history, involving an area larger than todays France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and the British Isles combined (Harriss). If Jefferson would not have made the purchase, the U.S. lands would not be the same. Another advantage to the situation was the underground features. The new land flourished in gold, silver, and many other ores that people would eventually mine and use as currency (Harriss). This meant that more people would immigrate to the United States, increasing the population. With the population increasing, the U.S. needed more housing and jobs available. People began to build up cities and towns until there was more than enough room for everyone. The expansion also led to more agriculture and farming, benefitting the people (paying jobs) and the countr y (Harriss). As people worked in farming, money was made, and the country eventually acheived wealthiness. This contributed to the building of roads and new businesses. The U.S. continued to grow beneficially because of Jeffersons decision. Although there were many influencing aspects of purchasing Louisiana, there were also some downfalls. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advantages and Disadvantages Of The Louisiana Purchase" essay for you Create order Since the purchase expanded the U.S. so greatly, they came across problems that affected how the country grew. Thomas Jefferson was a huge public figure and was viewed as a positive influence to many people, but there were some that did not agree with his ways. He was known for being the one to make sure what he wants to do is done in a constitutional manner. When people accused Jefferson as being unconstitutional because of his strict constructionism, he made sure to prove them wrong. Jefferson had always stated his strong belief that the federal governments powers should be interpreted strictly. Article IV of the Constitution said new states could be added, but made no provision for taking on foreign territories, Jefferson argued that a constitutional amendment was needed. (Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase). Jefferson struggled to convince the government that there were no rules against buying foreign lands. He eventually decided to try to justify the situation. He wrote in 180 3, The General Government has no powers but such as the Constitution gives it. it has not given it power of holding foreign territory, and still less of incorporating it into the Union. An amendment of the Constitution seems necessary for this. (Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase). All of this to say, Jefferson did not have a strong bond with his people, and this negatively affected the way the U.S. grew. Along with Jefferson being frowned upon for his doings, there were other disadvantages to the Louisiana Purchase. Before the purchase, France had just taken control over Louisiana. After the U.S. took over Louisiana, Jefferson found out this information and instantly felt differently about the situation. French-controlled Louisiana would become a point of eternal friction with us, he wrote in April 1802, and would force us to marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation. (Greenspan). This instance created some tension between the two countries. Another complication was that of people of the U.S. having an opinion about buying Louisiana. Fisher Ames wrote, We are to give money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much. (Greenspan). The U.S. had already claimed a lot of land and people began to think that it was too much. Jefferson did not think much about this and still bought it.   Was Thomas Jefferson a bad president? In my opinion, no, he was not a bad president. Jefferson may have used strict constructionism during his presidency (although some did not like it), but it truly exploited the United States future decisions and doings. While Jefferson was president, he accomplished many things. While president, Jeffersons principles were tested in many ways. But Jefferson stood firm in ending the importation of slaves and maintaining his view of the separation of church and state. In the end, Jefferson completed two full and eventful terms as president. He also paved the way for James Madison and James Monroe, his political prot? ©g? ©s, to succeed him in the presidency. (Thomas Jefferson Establishing a Federal Republic). As the article says, he did not back down on his beliefs. He stayed loyal to the country and made it possible for others to become president as well. Jefferson will always be remembered for his intelligent decisions. He led his country to gr eat places and is thanked for doing so.   In the end, I think that purchasing Louisiana had its ups and downs but each one benefited the United States. For better or for worse, I believe that the U.S. would not be where it is today without the Louisiana Purchase. Though we may have had some complications, this decision impacted the country in many ways and could not have been done without Thomas Jefferson. At the beginning, he was not fully trusted but people warmed up to his strict ways and realized that he knew what he was doing. Thomas Jefferson had some moral dilemmas along the way, but they challenged him to be the best president that he could be. He stood strong on his beliefs and never backed down which allowed people of the country to count on him for loyalty.

Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon

In the article â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† by Jean Anyon. She argues that there is a serious gap in quality and level of education in the public school system. The gap widens as you progress up from working class to middle class and on through affluent professional to executive elite. Based on her research I would have to agree with her. Anyons research revealed that the working class students are not given the same opportunities to learn as students in the other classes. Whether it be by the teacher editing the curriculum because as one teacher in Anyons article said â€Å"Simple punctuation is all they’ll ever use†. This points to a problem with quality of teachers and their attitude more than a problem with curriculum.†¦show more content†¦All this information goes more to proving that the real problem is that the lower classes are more often stuck with teachers that are not motivated enough to teach students the complete curriculum because they don’t believe the children will amount to anything more than their parents.The lack of motivation could be caused by their low pay, crowded schools or maybe the location affects the students and teachers to a point that eventually no one cares and this compounds over the years. Creativity or the lack of encouraging creativity can be seen decli ning as you get lower in the class level in Anyons research. She states â€Å"Work tasks do not usually request creativity† and â€Å"Creativity is not often requested in social studies and Science projects†. In an article entitled â€Å"The Impact of Creativity on the Brain† by Judy Willis M.D; M.E.D posted on the website Radtech.com. â€Å"Neuroscience and cognitive science research are increasingly providing information that correlates creativity with intelligence; academic, social, and emotional success; and the development of skill sets and the highest information processing (Executive functions)†. This basically states that if creativity is encouraged then the upper intelligence functions of students are developed which includes social and emotional success. Which shows that if you stifle creativity you basically limit theShow MoreRelatedSocial Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work By Jean Anyon1447 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article â€Å"F rom Social Class to the Hidden Curriculum of Work,† written by Jean Anyon, he argues that the working-class and affluent communities both receive a learning-based education, the working-class lacks the fundamentals. Supporting this claim is Diane Ravitch in â€Å"The Essentials of a Good education† stating affluent communities provide classes beyond the essentials, including extra-curricular classes and activities with well-equipped material for their children to obtain. ContrastivelyRead MoreJean Anyon s Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work1245 Words   |  5 PagesJean Anyon’s â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† What does social class mean? Social class means a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum means a side effect of education, such as norms, values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly, Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† claims that each and every social class has it’s own very different way of teaching in schools. AnyonRead More Social Class and Quality of Education Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the concerns regarding social justice in education is that there are marginalised groups within society do not having equal access to the learning and life opportunities that they deserve. The concept of social justice stresses that every individual within society is entitled to have equal rights and opportunities. This means that an individual from a lower class background deserves the same opportunities as a person from a wealthier backgro und. It is about becoming aware and recognising thatRead MoreThe Impact Of Curriculum On Their Intended Beneficiaries842 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribed in the readings of Jean Anyon and John Taylor Gatto. American Citizens success is directly correlated to the quality of education they receive. The quality of education changes with location, and location is determined by income. Even if by chance an individual is able to locate a viable institution. The curriculum may harm a child intellectual growth more than it would stimulate it. John Taylor Gatto argues that standardized curriculum is boring our students, and crushingRead MoreSummarization Of Jean Anyon s Article1275 Words   |  6 PagesSummarization of Jean Anyon’s Article Jean Anyon is a professor at the Graduate Center of the City University in New York and is an expert in educational policy. Her published works consist of Theory and Education Research: Toward Critical Social Explanation and Radical Responsibilities: Public Policy, Urban Development and a New Social Movement. Anyon’s article, â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† was first featured in 1980 in the Journal of Education. Her essay regarding teachingsRead MoreRhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum875 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetoric Analysis: â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work† Many issues in the 1900’s have been affecting jobs, social classes, and student’s education. In particular, fifth graders are being divided by their parents work level. Because this is happening, students will have unequal fairness on the outcome of the education they will receive. Jean Anyon, the author of â€Å"From Social Class And The Hidden Curriculum Of Work,† employs important concepts and powerful illustration to prove thatRead MoreWhat Does Social Class Mean?875 Words   |  4 Pages What does social class mean? Social class is a division of a society based on social and economic status. Now, what does hidden curriculum mean? Hidden Curriculum is a side effect of education, such as norms,values and beliefs in the classroom. Accordingly to Jean Anyon’s, author of â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† she claims that each and every social class has its very own different way to teaching schooling. Anyon states a plethora of s trengths and weaknesses in this article.Read MoreEnglish 1011689 Words   |  7 Pagesis it such an easy word to understand but such a tedious task to accomplish? We come from a society that hands out education easily, however that education comes with a price. Jean Anyon explains this process through her research in From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. Anyon dissects the socio-economic class that determines the types of instruction students receive. Through her research one can compare her findings to Mike Rose’s narrative, I Just Wanna Be Average, to be true andRead MoreEssay on Prejudice Destroyed the American Dream1008 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple discriminations in this country, which make it impossible for everyone to have the same chance to succeed. Biases against racial minorities, women, and citizens from lower social classes are examples of just a few reasons that everyone does not have the same chance to succeed in our current economic and soci al system in America, resulting in unequal chances to achieve â€Å"the American Dream.† One major factor that decides how successful someone will be is determined by race. Although by lawRead MoreDifferences Social Class and Success2563 Words   |  11 Pagesoften already knew the concepts behind the materials taught. Jean Anyon further supports and agrees with Gatto’s statements about the public school system. In her article, she specifies that schools in wealthy communities are far better than those of poorer communities, and they better prepare children for desirable jobs. Anyon concluded these finding by investigating schools in four different social classes, ranging from working class to executive elite schools. The purpose

Research Proposal Developments and Evaluation

Questions: 1.What is/are the research question/s?2.What is the proposed rationale/contribution?3.What is the methodology?4.What are the primary methods utilised?5.What kind of sampling approach is used?6.How were the results presented?7.What ethical considerations were documented? Answers: 1. The article on Social integration of Australian Muslims primarily focuses on understanding the social issues that are faced by the Muslims in Australia. Hence, the major research question is based on social issues about Islam that are explained by the Muslim leaders of Australia and the actions that are undertaken by these leaders to resolve the problems (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). According to the leaders, the media misleads the perceptions of the public by interacting biased and distorted narratives. Hence, the primary research question is what are the social issues related to Muslims in Australia and how does the Muslim leaders in neutralise the issues of social misleads in Australia (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016)? Evaluation: According to Maggi Walter (2013), social research is differs to a scientific and management research through the context of questions asked in the study. It is important for a social research to ask questions that brings up any social issue that are taking place in the society or community. Walter says that social research is about seeking answer and investigating social questions that people ask about the real world. Considering the fact, it can be seen that the article is up to mark that asks a social question, what are the social issues related to Muslims in Australia and how does the Muslim leaders in neutralise the issues of social misleads in Australia? Hence, the research question helps to known about the social status of the Muslims in Australia and how the Muslim leaders deals with the issues of racism, injustice and terrorism status in the Australian state (Kelly, 2016). 2.Article: The identified article shows the Australians support towards multiculturalism and migration. Conversely, the anti-Muslim sentiments in the case of the Muslim migration have been largely defined showing evidence such as media disclosures (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Meanwhile, anti-Muslim persistent of prominent Australian leaders has been reconciled in the article leading to humiliation, injustice and racism towards the Australian Muslims. Admittedly, the role of the public has been identified through the article as the social public has not largely derived from the misleading information about the Muslim actions (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Precisely, the article talks about Muslim integrity if the media has replaced the dehumanising images about the Muslim community. Moreover, through the identification of social relationship, the study adopts dramaturgical perspective to judge the position of the individuals from sensitive point of view. As quoted in the study, Using the imagery of drama, he took advantage of a panoply of theatrical terms such as props, script, front and back stages, role, scenario, performance and character to explain the dynamics of presentation of self in face-to-face interactions, it is quite clear that the implications of the leaders have delivered dynamic roles of social integrity, trust and identity of people (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Evaluation: Predominantly, the research study represents the social integration of the Muslim community living in Australia under the leadership political leaders. Throughout the study paper, the authors, Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016) describes the role of the Muslim leaders to build up a political strategy for representing a clear image about Islam has been seemed to be missing in the article. However, according to the investigation, the authors identify that the Australian culture does not derive Muslim community as intolerant, arrogant and egotistical. Critically, the study argues about the foreign policy, labour market structure and cultural values of Australia under the social system integration (Forcese and Richer, 2013). Decisively, the Muslim leaders in Australia have found to be somewhat powerless influencing the dignity of the minority group within the country (Kelly, 2016). Furthermore, through the research study, authors describe the tolerant, law-abiding and peaceful li ving standards of Australian Muslims. Moreover, through the interviews of the Muslim leaders, Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016) identify the unfair and detrimental media representation about the Muslim community living in Australia. 3. Article: Considering the article on Social integration of Australian Muslims: A dramaturgical perspective by Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016), it can be seen that a dramaturgical model has been utilised to collect data and conduct the analysis. The article mainly focuses on the interaction with thirty Muslim leaders in Australia conducted in the form of direct interviews. Most of these leaders hold a good position in the Australian Muslim Community. The research has been conducted on a qualitative basis that presents the findings in a thematic manner. The data has been collected by conducting in-depth interviews of thirty Muslim Leaders who live in Sydney and Melbourne during 2010 and 2011 (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). The article also presents the name of the participants in the list presented in the appendix. The interview has been conducted in an interactive way in which the participants are asked few questions and a discussion has been made on the given topic. The article sho ws that most of the participants were integrationist who worked for the welfare of the Muslim community in Australia. Integrationists are the people who believe in and support any social integration. They work for the social benefit of the community. Hence, the feedbacks of the participants have been used in context to the research question to present the direct thoughts of the Muslims living in Australia. On the other hand, the research can be termed as descriptive in nature that provides additional information on the chosen field of study. Evaluation: Considering the methodology used in the research, it can be seen that the authors have utilised the dramaturgical model of research study (Goffman, 1959). Goffman (1959) first presents a detailed analysis and description of a meaning and process in a mundane interaction. It is a process of conducting an analysis by interacting with different people belonging to a same field of study. Dramaturgical model is primarily used in social research to present the thoughts of the people regarding any social issues going on in the community. According to Glazkov (2016), it is a process of interacting with people to get information about the social matters and observe their thoughts to present the findings in a dramaturgical manner. In the article, the interviews are conducted by interacting with the participants in a discussion manner and findings are transcribed and analysed thematically (Stone, 1957). The research is conducted in a manner of performance in which the participants p layed their character according to the role and scenario. Walter (2013) says that dramaturgical perspective is one of the most suitable ways of conducting a social research that helps to present the findings as per the current view of the social volunteers. On the other hand, the methodology shows that the research has been conducted in a descriptive way in which more information can be added to the field of social issues among Muslims in Australia (Somekh and Lewin, 2005). The research is mainly based on qualitative analysis in which the research questions are answered to present a solution to the social issues. Hence, the Dramaturgical method has been well used in the study to provide realistic thoughts of the social activist in the country. It increases the reliability of the findings and makes reader aware of the actual facts in the community. 4. Article: The primary methods that are utilised in the article are the interviews that were conducted to collect primary data from the leading socialist Muslims of Sydney and Melbourne. It can be seen from the article of Sohrabi and Farquharson (2016), that most of the participants were integrationist who actively plays their role in improving the current status of the Muslims in Australia. In other words, the Muslim leaders chosen for the collection of data were the active members of the Australian Muslim Community who promote, encourage and advocate the social integration of the Muslims in the society. Hence, the primary sources of data were selected keeping in mind their professional backgrounds and social activities (Selltiz, 2009). Each interview was conducted for around 40 minutes in which the participants were presented with different themes on integration of Muslims in Australia. The participants were asked to present their views and understanding of the problems (Sohrabi a nd Farquharson, 2016). On the other hand, the participants were also asked to present the activities they undertake to mitigate such social issues in the community and society. Evaluation: Precisely, the identified primary methods used in the article are truly effective to evaluate each of the result of the interviews. Through the identification of the primary data received from the interview sessions, the role and responsibility of the leaders have been noted as a source of research data to evaluate how the leaders have played their part in promoting the peaceful mindset of Islamic community (Tahe and Laeheem, 2013). Also, the different approach of integrationists and isolationists has been identified through the primary data collection methods. Admittedly, the review of the interview outcomes has represented the everyday conflict situations of the Islamic community living in Australia that is one of the major benefits of the primary method (Mansouri and Lobo, 2011). 5. Article: As the sampling approach is an essential part of a research study, this particular research case determines significant sampling technique, to say the least. From the study, it is quite clear that in-depth interviews were conducted with well-known Muslim leaders during the period of 2010 and 2011 (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). On basis of the process, the sampling approach has been identified as stratified sampling method to understand the orderly stance of the sub-groups included in the investigation (Stuart and Cochran, 2013). Precisely, the sub-groups included herein were miscellaneous ethnic and political leader groups belong to Muslim religion in Australia. On the other hand, in sampling secondary resources such as the internet has been taken into consideration to produce the best data collection suitable for the research study (Boddy and Dominelli, 2016). Conveniently, majority of the study participants has been recognised as Australian-born or brought up Muslims in Australia. Meanwhile, stratified sampling method has helped to identify the social integration of the participants regarding to the broader perspective. With different knowledge, political views and experience level, the identified thirty interviewing correspondents were asked to reflect their ideas and concepts on the given sections in order to gather compatible data regarding democracy, culture and social responsibility. Clearly, the sampling technique has been issues to promote broader composition of social integration. Evaluation: On a positive note, the research study has identified significant Muslim people so that their respective social work has been featured in the article. Precisely, most of the selected interviewers have been designated in the higher levels of media working for the social benefits of the Muslim community living in Australia. Through the interview session, it has been identified that most of the leaders are integrationist by nature. Through the media interactions, the leaders have influenced the non-Muslim community to understand the peaceful mindset of the Muslim. On this note the sampling was absolutely significant (Tahe and Laeheem, 2013). Secondly, in sampling approach out of the thirty candidates, eighteen has been male and rest of the twelve interviewers are female candidates. On this regard the sampling for the study includes opinion according to the gender equality. 6. Article: Throughout the entire research, most of the Muslim leaders have been identified as integrationist whereas some of the leaders are found to be isolationists. The integrationist leaders are quite clear about their views promoting Islam and peace through media. On the other hand, isolationist Muslim leaders have seemed to decline the thought of social integration (Hjelm, 2011). Although the minority of Muslim leaders are identified as isolationist, it shows negative intents of the leaders to the larger audience. In terms of broader perspective, descriptive analysis of the leadership thought and ideas have been presented as the result outcome to influence the non-Muslim community in a positive way. Evaluation: In terms of evaluation of the article, the reporting of identified data has been produced in a strategic way to show how majority of the Muslim leaders in Australia have performed their roles and responsibilities. Moreover, the outcome of the research has verified the attempts of the integrationist Muslim leaders to build up a Muslim identity according to the Australian culture (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2016). Evidently, the outcome of the research article shows how the leadership has changed the mindset of the Muslim community towards non-Muslim Australians enhancing communication standards and societal benefits. Clearly, a peaceful image of Muslim community and their intention have been briefed throughout the study. 7. Article: Both the political and collective aspects associated with the Muslim community have been considered to conduct the study. Precisely, the respondents of the interview have been given the options to use either their real name or pseudonyms (Sohrabi and Farquharson, 2014). Meanwhile, the secrecy of the respondents has been kept secret following the ethical dignity. In addition to that, the alternative peaceful image of the Muslim life has been promoted to the non-Muslim community of Australia showing the symbolic feature of Islam. Thus, the ethical role of the Muslim leaders has been highlighted throughout the study paper (Hjelm, 2011). Apparently, the research does not describe the hostile climate of the Muslim communitys everyday life due to ethical background. Evaluation: In order to conduct the research, there have been issues regarding Muslim activism attached to the role of the Muslim leaders in enhancing conflict situation. For ethical basis, the outcome has been restricted to some extent. However, the research on integrationist Muslim leaders has been depicted in the research outcome to show the misleading information of the news channels and Australian media (Jupp, 2001). Typically the research has documented that the Muslim leaders have participated in the media interviews to denounce terrorism and hostility condemning the activities. Meanwhile, such attributes may ethically inspire the non-Muslim community to identify the peaceful mindset of Muslims. References Boddy, J. and Dominelli, L. (2016). Social Media and Social Work: The Challenges of a New Ethical Space.Australian Social Work, pp.1-13. Forcese, D. and Richer, S. (2013).Social research methods. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Glazkov, K. (2016). Erving Goffmans Gaming Concept of Everyday Life: Between Symbolic Interactionism and Ethnomethodology.RSR, 15(2), pp.167-191. Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York, Penguin. Hjelm, T. (2011).Religion and social problems. New York: Routledge. Jupp, J. (2001).The Australian people. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. Kelly, A. (2016).Social Research Methods. University of London International Programmes. Mansouri, F. and Lobo, M. (2011).Migration, citizenship, and intercultural relations. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate. Selltiz, C. (2009).Research methods in social relations. [New York]: Holt. Sohrabi, H. (2015). Identity and Muslim leadership: the case of Australian Muslim leaders.Contemporary Islam, 10(1), pp.1-16. Sohrabi, H. and Farquharson, K. (2014). Australian Muslim leaders and normalisation discourses.Ethnicities, 15(5), pp.633-651. Sohrabi, H. and Farquharson, K. (2016). Social integration of Australian Muslims: A dramaturgical perspective.Journal of Sociology, 52(2), pp.387-402. Somekh, B. and Lewin, C. (2005).Research methods in the social sciences. London: SAGE Publications. Stone, G. (1957). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Erving Goffman.American Journal of Sociology, 63(1), pp.105-105. Stuart, A. and Cochran, W. (2013). Sampling Techniques.Econometrica, 31(4), p.773. Tahe, H. and Laeheem, K. (2013). The Causes of Reduction of the Role in Youth Management According to the Islamic Way among Muslim Leaders in the Three Southern Border Provinces.Asian Social Science, 9(17). Walter, M. (2013).Social research methods. 3rd edition. Australia, Oxford Press University.

The Kickapoo Indians Essays - Native American Tribes In Iowa

The Kickapoo Indians The Kickapoo Indians are Algonkian-speaking Indians, related to the Sauk and Fox, who lived at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, probably in present Columbia County, Wis., U.S., when first reported by Europeans in the late 17th century. The Kickapoo were known as formidable warriors whose raids took them over a wide territory, ranging as far as Georgia and Alabama to the southeast; Texas and Mexico to the southwest; and New York and Pennsylvania to the east. Early in the 18th century part of the tribe settled near the Milwaukee River and, after the destruction of the Illinois Indians c. 1765, moved south to Peoria. One band extended as far as the Sangamon River and became known as the Prairie band; another pushed east to the Wabash and was called the Vermilion band. In 1809 and 1819, under the pressure of advancing white settlers, the Kickapoo ceded their lands in Illinois to the United States, moving to Missouri and then to Kansas. About 1852 a large group went to Texas, and from there to Mexico, where another party joined them in 1863. Some returned to Indian Territory in 1873 and later years. The remainder was granted a reservation in eastern Chihuahua State, in northern Mexico; other Kickapoo reside in Oklahoma and Kansas. Only a few Kickapoo village names have survived Etnataek, Kickapougowi, and Kithlipecanuk. The Kickapoo lived in fixed villages, moving between summer and winter residences; they raised corn (maize), beans, and squash and hunted buffalo on the plains. Their society was divided into several exogamous, named clans based on descent through the paternal line. By the 19th century, as a result of scattering in small villages to prevent attack, central tribal authority had broken down, and chiefs of the various bands had become autonomous. From the beginning of European contact, the Kickapoo resisted acculturation in economic, political, and religious matters, retaining as many of their old ways as possible. Before contact with Europeans, the Kickapoo lived in northwest Ohio and southern Michigan in the area between Lake Erie and Lake Michigan. Beginning in the 1640s, the Algonquin tribes in this region came under attack from the east, first by the Ottawa and Iroquian-speaking Neutrals, and then the Iroquois. By 1658 the Kickapoo had been forced west into southwest Wisconsin. About 1700 they began to move south into northern Illinois and by 1770 had established themselves in central Illinois (near Peoria) extending southeast into the Wabash Valley on the western border of Indiana. After wars with the Americans and settlement of the Ohio Valley, they signed treaties during 1819 ceding their remaining land east of the Mississippi River and relocated to southern Missouri (1819-24). Initially, most moved to the lands assigned them, but many remained in central Illinois and refused to leave until they were forcibly removed by the military in 1834. Fewer than half actually stayed on their Miss ouri reserve. Several bands wandered south and west until the Kickapoo were spread across Oklahoma and Texas all the way to the Mexican border (and beyond). In 1832 the Missouri Kickapoo exchanged their reserve for lands in northeast Kansas. After the move, factions developed, and in 1852, a large group left and moved to Chihuahua in northern Mexico. Apparently, there were Kickapoo already living there by this time. Others joined these Mexican Kickapoo between 1857 and 1863. Few remained in Kansas. Between 1873 and 1878, approximately half of the Mexican Kickapoo returned to the United States and were sent to Oklahoma. Currently, there are three federally recognized Kickapoo tribes: the Kickapoo of Kansas the Kickapoo of Oklahoma and the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas. By 1660 almost all Great Lakes Algonquin were living as refugees in mixed villages in Wisconsin. Intermarriage and mixed populations made accurate counts impossible. The French estimated there were 2,000 Kickapoo in 1684 but by 1759 had increased this to 3,000. Later counts were equally suspect. By 1817 the Kickapoo had absorbed the Mascouten, and the American estimate was 2,000. This seems to have been the last time that the Kickapoo stood still long enough to be counted. A federal Indian agent during 1825 gave 2,200, but he admitted only 600 of them were actually on the Missouri reserve.