Conflict Management Skills the Case Study of Andy J

Conflict Management Skills the Case Study of Andy J Introduction The paper is a critical analysis of conflict management skills. The case study used is a conflict between Andy J concerning some details of an ongoing project being undertaken by an organization they both work for. Andy is the project (manage/team leader) and he is not pleased b the way J has been documenting issues relating to the project as needed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Management Skills: the Case Study of Andy J specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been noted that each and every day people work together and hold varied views, opinion, believes, values among other as a result of a myriad of factors such as social classes, education as well as cultural background. This scenario has been made even worse by advancement in technology that has resulted to globalization characterized with free flow of capital, goods and services and more importantly free movement of human capital. Thu s the world has turned into a global village where people meet, factoring in differences in a number of view, conflict then is bound to happen. Conflict happens between and among people within the same or different and distance geographic locations (Withers Lewis, 2003). Conflict refers to a situation where by there are or perceived resistance of principles, thoughts, ideas, needs, beliefs as a results of differences in opinion as well as other issues between people and this can be in terms of economics, politics as well as social sphere. Nonetheless, various mechanisms have been brought forth to curb the scenario and of course turn the issue into a constructive idea, this is what has been termed as conflict resolution. Conflict although viewed as a negative issue, has some positive aspects for instance, when the conflict is resolved in a creative manner, there are opportunities of people learning as well as new emerging ideas that are key in propelling an organization to greater h eights are realized (Eunson, 2007). On the other hand, individual in conflict can suffer from frustration and confusion that can result to very serious implications such as war, fall of an organization among others. With this scenario, of having the mechanism, it was later realized that something was missing because most of the conflicts being tackled did not yield positive results. This thus called for further actions; conflict management. This, according to Condliffe, 2008 refers to the process by which conflict are identifies and handled in the best way possible through fairness and of course effectively and efficiently so that the desired outcomes are achieved. This calls for a myriad of skills, which thus lays the ground for this paper. Addressing conflicts Since we are aware that conflict is an issues that is experienced more often in each at every sphere of human life, it will be rational if some of the ways used to address the problem are brought forth. It is important to no te that Andy successfully employed-collaborative strategy in which he engaged J to attain a win-win situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other ways of addressing conflict include; competition is a situation whereby one of the parties pushes for his or her standpoint without minding who it will impact on the other; this is usually a good approach especially if the one asserting the view point have a superior goals and objectives. Through accommodation, the approach entails surrendering the view points initially held prior to resolving the problem, this gives room to accommodate the other parties usually the best when things seem to have hit a snag and come to a stand still. Another approach is to avoid the problem. This is done by postponing or paying no attention to the problem at hand. This can be of help in the short-term as one can buy time to properly str ategize. On the other hand, when the issue at hand is very serious, this approach can be very detrimental. Compromising is another way that has been successfully used. In this approach the involved parties bring their burning issues on the table in the face of a third party. It is worth noting that with this kind of mechanism, the ultimate goal is to reach an agreement, hence compromises have to be made-a give and take situation. Lastly collaboration is where the involved parties strategize towards attaining a mutually satisfying outcome, a win-win situation for both. Although it can be challenging, when communication is open and transparent, trust is build on a solid foundation, this approach yield the most desired results. The major drawback is that it is time consuming. Four Conflict management skills and its applications The four conflict management skills identified and discussed herein that were used by Andy include; active listening, ability to manage emotions, collaborative and corporative language, empathy and willingness to reach a win-win situation. Actively listening It has been clearly depicted that when all parties involved in conflict resolution talk and talk, there are higher chances of the processes hitting a snag. Therefore, one important skill that has been brought forth as to counter this is active listening (Condliffe, 2008). It is worth noting that this is not only an act of sitting back and hear what the other party is saying but also actively getting indulged so that one gets the ample opportunity to clearly understand, acknowledge and respond to what is being said.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Management Skills: the Case Study of Andy J specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Andy successfully employed this skill, he listened to J while nodding, and this gave him an opportunity to realize that some numbers that did cause the figures not to add up were indeed from Mr. Tan As suggested by Sims, 2002 when this is done, he not only understood, acknowledged and responded but also listened to the feelings of J. This thus contributed to Andy understanding J’s point of view hence bridging the existing gap between them. It is worth mentioning that after carefully listening, Andy tried to accurately paraphrase what J brought forth. This resulted to J feeling understood and heard. The only problem with this skill is that people might not be well aware of, as they can be ‘listening’ but formulating their next response or even evaluating how wrong the other party is. When those involved can apply this skill in the most effective manner, like Andy, there are higher chances of attaining the desired outcomes leaving each party satisfied. Managing emotions According to Withers Lewis, 2003 keeping emotion in check while managing conflict is very important as it dictates outcome in conflict resolution. It is worth noting that this is done by first managing your own emotions then those of the other party. Being in a position to establish that one is becoming emotional is of course one necessary step. In the case of Andy and J, the former successfully attained this skill. From the onset of the discussion, it was apparent that J was emotional when confronted politely by Andy, his response to the question concerning the document showed this, ‘what’s wrong with the documents’? Although Andy was also about to lose his head in terms of emotions, he quickly managed it and transferred the same skill in calming J down by simply telling J that no one was blaming him. It is also a fact that when individuals let out their emotions especially while resolving a conflict, it helps in diffusing the problem as the individuals get to release off their desperation and steam, this was done by both Andy and J (Condliffe, 2008). Willingness to reach a win-win situation It has been argued out that the desire to arrive a t a win-win outcome is always the best strategy as it will keep all involved parties on the table (Sims, 2002). It is characterized by higher degree of cooperation and assertiveness. We see Andy engaging J to join their hands and in the long run are able to arrive at a conclusion that both were in agreement. It is worth mention that at the end of the discussion both parties gained from the talks.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is worth remembering that this skill is suitable in cases where the issues at hand are very complex. This skill employed by Andy successfully did create a positive mutual and warm relationship between him and J. At the end of the discussion, the misunderstanding held upon J was cleared and both resorted to helping each other to fix the mess before Andy submits the report to the general manager. Collaborative and cooperative language This is a skill that seemed to be well mastered by Andy; he employed this together with the rest of the skills made his discussion with J a successful. Through the discussion both Andy and J shared information that is factual without hidden agenda. It is evident that Andy capitalized on this skill to building consensus with J leading to arrival of decisions that suited both of them. Additionally, collaborative and cooperative language brings a sense of empathy, respect and care. Andy’s ability to use accommodating language , ensured that despit e the fact that there were differences between him and J, it was eased by the kind of language used hence; a sense of trust is build which is very significant while dealing with conflicts (Cloke Goldsmith, 2000). Andy used a language that identified himself as well as J into the current situation they were in. Ways to improve these skills In my opinion, the four conflict management skills employed by Andy can be improved by a number of way but all summed up by; effective, transparent communication as well as building a mutual relationship between the involved parties in which trust is the word. Effective and transparent communication is a situation whereby, the individual parties employ use of sharing information, articulating their ideas, views, feelings in a very open manner without hiding anything under the carpet. Additionally, there are other things that need to be avoided in order to make these skills improve (Withers, 2002). These things include; trying to avoid conflicts, b eing defensive, forgetting to listen, mind reading or psychoanalysis, over generalization, playing blame game, attacking the others personality and stone walling. Generally speaking, all conflict management are usually improved by using one or more of other conflict resolution skills such as appropriate body language, appropriate assertiveness, showing empathy, building trust to mention but a few (Kellett, 2007). Other conflict management skills Scholars after scholars have carried out a number of studies in the quest of establishing the best conflict management skills and strategies, surprisingly, nearly all did come up with almost similar skills (Eunson, 2007). Apart from the four strategies used by Andy, there are other numerous skills that he used in his discussion with J that contributed to the desired outcome that left both of them satisfied. These skills include; building trust and a mutual relationship with each other, conciliation, collective bargain, being able to know whe n it will not work, seeking solutions, practicing assertive communication, reframing, always focus on interest rather than positions, separating people from the existing problem, building consensus in arriving at decisions, develop a culture of positive perception while addressing the problem and showing concern for the other (Withers, 2002). Conclusion From the review of conflict management skills employed by Andy, it is evident that conflict is part and parcel of human life. Despite the fact that it has some very serious negative impact, it brings with it some positive things. In the quest of finding mutual agreement, Andy used some skills in conflict management such as active listening, ability to manage emotions, collaborative and corporative language, empathy and willingness to reach a win-win situation, assertive communication among others. Time and again, there is need to constantly improve how these skills are employed and the case of Andy and J is no exception. In my view t his could be attained by effective communication which results to a mutual relationship that is characterized by trust, an ingredient that always dictates how long the agreement arrive at will be realized. References Cloke, K Goldsmith, J (2000). Resolving Conflict at Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Pp 127-205 Condliffe, P. (2008). Understanding conflict. In Conflict management: A practical guide. Sydney: LexisNexis. Pp. 1-25 Eunson, B. (2007) Conflict management. Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Pp 17-26 Kellett, P. (2007). Conflict Dialogue. London: Sage Publications. Pp. 143-153 Kenneth, T. (2001) Introduction to Conflict Management. Palo Alto, California: Davies-Black Publishing. Pp 1-15 Sims R. (2002). Managing Organizational Behavior. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Pp 345-400. Smith, K. (2000). Project Management and Teamwork. New York: McGraw-Hill BEST series. Pp 129- Withers, B. (2002). The Conflict Management Skills Workshop : A Trainers Guide. New York: AMAC OM. Pp 87-99 Withers, B., Lewis, K. (2003). Say it, shout it, skip it. New York: AMACOM. Pp. 116-120

Transcription and language creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Transcription and language creativity - Essay Example Not with ((confused)) exactly with wooden clog, unless it is got a veneer (.) ((laughs)) (xxx) is carefully covered wooden clog that can be a problem ((laughs)) Host: Just the first answer we had ((laughs)) so (.) no answers really from the scientists until Brian came up with clogs ((laughs)) which was unexpecting first Answer today //((laughs)). //I don’t know I don’t where (xxxxx) I don’t know what to say. Host: Oh! Come on lets carry on with the clogs. Host: An easy launch pad,[ a way to go ((laughs)) (.)Anyway back to the science table]. Introduction Conversation has different features that need to be analyzed in order to give a critical account of a piece of conversation. Conversations are mostly spontaneous; the speaker and listener develop their conversation according to the situation, atmosphere, topic and personal relationship that both the listener and speaker share. Conversation is done through language; the use of language however differs from person to person and the type of language used between two persons is a function of the nature of the relationship that exists between them e.g. the closer the relationship the more intimate the conversation will be. In order to analyze a conversation, some technical features of the conversation and linguistics of the words used is necessary. Conversation is an important part of life; it communicates ideas, feelings, intentions and goals. The study of conversation tells about the creativity used in spoken language. The language has various features i.e, context, type, tone, subject, turn-taking, interruptions etc. A study of these features enables us to get an insight into the creativity employed in any piece of work (Maybin & Swann, 2006). Discussion The above transcript is the written script of a verbal conversation. Verbal communication is an act of conveying messages, ideas or feelings by vocal means; non verbal acts are also important part of this phenomenon. This communication is the main and ordinary way of communicating face to face. Apart from these important features other key components of verbal communication are words, sound, speaking, tone and language. By analyzing the technical features, language and creativity of the conversation can be analyzed in a systematic way. The people involved in a conversation unintentionally make use of creativity. This usage is also a very important part of the conversation as it tells about how good a person is at conversation and how good he/she makes use of vocabulary, turn-taking and switching. The written script of a dialogue above is between two people, the host and a person called Paul. The conversation is based on question and answers about a particular subject; as the conversation is in the form of interview; it is supposed to be less intimate and formal. To make a more deep analysis, it is necessary to examine other important features that this piece of written conversation carries. Context is a very important p art of the conversation (Carter, 2004); it is the situation that describes conversation. There

Essay for Admission Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For Admission - Essay Example On those dates after school I would go to my father company to do some tasks. The secretary had a schedule of things I was supposed to do. This experience helped me become better at multitasking. I have applied that knowledge in my studying routine to study multiple subjects at once. I remember on many instances in my lifetime that my father has helped develop my skills and abilities. He bought me a computer when I was ten years old. He said the computer was going to change our world and I needed to master its use at a young age. Instead of video games my father bought me instructional software for my computer. My father always believed in me. He would encourage me to participate in activities that could help me grow as a person. In my spare time as teenager I volunteered in a homeless shelter. He always told me that participation in volunteer work builds character. As a student a person that has character is able to battle school work with lots of perseverance. My father was a great role model. He was the CEO of company, thus he knew how to utilize leadership to influence the behavior of others. I saw first had when I worked at my dad’s company how he was able to inspire his employees to become more productive. He inspired me to become a better student. I like reading from a very young age. My father would always buy me different books to read. He would take me every week to the local bookstore. If I saw a book I liked and told him the reason why I wanted to read it he would purchase the book for me. The desire and passion for reading I develop at young age helped me later in life when I had to read a lot for school work. It also helped me become more adept at researching for information. My father’s guidance is the primary reason I became a good student as an adult. He taught me the importance learning had in life. In order to get a good job in the competitive business environment of the

UN on High Seas Laws Essay Example for Free

UN on High Seas Laws Essay The UN General Assembly resolved and declared the resources of the High Seas as the Common heritage of the mankind which shall be governed by a proposed international regime- Comment. Common heritage of mankind is a principle of international law which holds that defined territorial areas and elements of humanitys common heritage that includes both cultural and natural should be held in trust for future generations and be protected from exploitation by individual nation states or corporations. Immanuel Kant in his essay Toward Perpetual Peace claimed that the expansion of hospitality with regard to use of the right to the earths surface which belongs to the human race in common would finally bring the human race ever closer to a cosmopolitan constitution. The concept of Common Heritage of Mankind, however, was first specifically enunciated in international law in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Under Customary rules of International Law, the term high seas means, the part of the sea which are not included in the territorial waters. The rule was formulated in 1609 by Grotious in his treatise mare liberum by arguing that the sea cannot be owned. According to him â€Å"the sea is one of those things which is not an article of merchandise, and which cannot become private property. Hence it follows, to speak strictly, that no part of the sea can be considered as territory of any people whatsoever.† Later the prominent writers of the 18th century also advocated for the freedom of open seas. The meaning of high seas was transformed into treaty rules in the year 1958, when the Geneva Convention on High Seas was adopted. The article 1 of Geneva Convention on High Seas states that high seas is that part of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state. The regime of high sea has changed considerably under the Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 which lays down under article 86 that all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial waters of a state or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State would Constitute high seas. Thus, the area of the high seas has been substantially reduced under the convention of 1982. The high seas, shorthand for that portion of the ocean that lies beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, including the Southern Ocean around Antarctica, make up 64% of the world’s oceans and nearly 50% of the planet’s surface. It is generally 200 nautical miles from the coast. This vast area, once mistakenly considered an empty wasteland, is now understood to contain the largest reservoir of biodiversity left on earth. Multiplying human activities pose a variety of threats to high seas ecosystems, including overfishing, noise, plastic and chemical pollution, habitat destruction, and now ocean warming and ocean acidification related to rising concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has 320 articles, set out in seventeen parts, as well as nine annexes. Parts II to XI concern the different maritime zones: territorial sea and contiguous zone, straits used for international navigation, archipelagic waters, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf, the high seas, the International Seabed Area, and special provisions on the regime of islands and of enclosed and semi-enclosed seas. Parts XII to XIV concern specific marine activities and questions in all areas: the protection of the environment, marine scientific research, and the development and transfer of marine technology. Part XV (and annexes 5 to 8) concerns the settlement of disputes. Parts XVI and XVII set out general and final clauses. Today, 13 percent of the worlds land areas are protected, but less than one percent of global marine areas are, leaving these ecosystems exposed and vulnerable to threats. Further, there is almost no protection of marine ecosystems and biodiversity occurring in deeper waters on the continental shelves and in the international waters of the high seas. It is crucial that international leaders cooperate to ensure stronger conservation measures are implemented and enforced to guarantee the long term sustainability of marine species and the health of ocean ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly plays a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of marine fisheries, particularly for those in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In ocean areas beyond national jurisdiction, many human activities remain unregulated or poorly managed, with ecosystem considerations seldom taken into account and scientific information either lacking or often ignored. As marine industrial activity, ocean warming, and ocean acidification have accelerated, the imperative to replace the current gap-ridden and fragmented approach towards high seas governance with a more integrated, equitable and accountable institutional framework has become more urgent and important. The major issues related to the high seas are as follows: 1. Open access to the rich resources 2. Increasing demands of fish, energy and increase in trade 3. Legal over-fishing 4. Climate change 5. Pollution. In the absence of an overarching international governance system for regulating marine fisheries, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction, there exist a number of treaties, organizations and intergovernmental instruments that serve to manage fisheries. These instruments include the United Nations and its various processes and organizations, and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. In addition, there are many treaties, multilateral agreements and intergovernmental organizations that contain provisions relevant to the exploitation, use or trade of marine species. According to the UN Convention on the Law of the sea, the common heritage provides certain freedoms like freedom to fish, navigate lay submarine cables and pipelines, conduct scientific marine research, conduct peaceful military activities, and authorize vessels to fly national flags. However with these freedoms, there are also certain obligations to fulfill in order to maintain the proper health of the available resource. The duties are to conserve the living marine resources, protect and preserve the marine environment and most importantly not interfere in rights and interests of other nations. Under customary rules of international law, high seas were free and open to all states. Freedom to high sea was a well recognized principle even under the Roman law which is basically the primary precursor of the modern law. It means that the high sea being common to all states, no state may purport to subject any part of them to its territorial sovereignty, since the open sea is not the territory of any state , no state as a rule has a right to exercise its legislation, administration, jurisdiction or police over parts of the high seas. As a general rule, ships remain under exclusive jurisdiction of the state, whose flags they fly while in high seas. Although sea is not a territory of any state, it is nevertheless an object of the law of nations. Legal order was created through the co-operation of the law of the nations and the municipal laws of such states as possess a maritime flag. The following rules of the law of the nations were universally recognized. 1. Every state that has a maritime flag must lay down rules according to which vessels can claim to sail under its flags, and must furnish such vessels with some official voucher authorizing them to make use of its flag. 2. Every state has the right to punish all such foreign vessels as sail under its flag without being authorized to do so. 3. All vessels with the persons and goods on it, while being on open sea, considered under the sway of the flag state. 4. Every state has the right to punish piracy on the open sea even if committed by foreigners, and that, with a view to extinction of piracy. 5. Warships of all nations can acquire all subject vessels to show their flag. Limitations on the freedom of High Seas: Freedom of high seas may be exercised by States. However, the above basic rule is subject to certain restriction and limitations which is of a complex nature. Convention of 1982 under article 87(2) lays down the limitation of the general nature on the freedom of the high seas by stating that the freedom of high seas â€Å"shall be exercised with due regard for the interests of other states in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas.† The principle underlying this rule states that the exercise of one freedom by one state has to be accommodated with the exercise of freedom of the sea by other states. No preferences are given and the coexistence of various activities has to be sought through the necessary accommodation. In addition to this limitation, the following are the other set of limitations on the right to exercise the freedom of seas:- 1. Limitation on freedom of fishing:- All states have the freedom of fishing subject to limitation under article 117 of the Convention of 1982 where states are under a duty to cooperate with other states in taking such measures for conservation of living resources in high seas. 2. Limitation on the freedom of navigation:- every State Coastal as well as land locked have freedom of navigation in the high seas but they have certain obligations to perform while exercising this freedom of navigation. Article 94 of the Convention of 1982 sets a group of substantive minimum requirements with which all states must comply as regards safety of navigation especially as regards construction, equipment, sea worthiness and manning of ships, labour conditions on board, the use of rights, maintenance of communication and avoidance of collisions. 3. Limitation on freedoms of scientific researches: scientific research is promoted but not at the cost of endangering the living biodiversity at any cost. Article 261 of the Convention of 1982 appears to give preference to the exercise of freedom of navigation to freedom to conduct scientific research, though only as regards to deployment of scientific installations and equipments in established shipping routes. 4. Limitations on Non- interference with war ships:- Article 95 of convention of 1982 lays down that warships . The UN general Assembly has taken utmost care and precaution to make sure that no conflicts arise because of the common heritage and that such a resource should be treasured at all cost for the future generations for we keep in trust the goods of the future generation. Any problem that arises out of conflicts over high sea usage is something for which the UN should not be held responsible. It has proposed an international regime and all the states should try to follow the regime in good faith unless they are forced by circumstances not to do so. [ 2 ]. Immanuel Kant. Toward Perpetual Peace in Practical Philosophy-Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. Gregor MJ (trans.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1999. p 329 (8:358). [ 3 ]. Dr. H.O.Agarwal; International Law Human Rights; 18th edition; At P.150. [ 4 ]. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law; http://untreaty.un.org [ 5 ]. International Policy: United Nations General Assembly; http://www.pewenvironment.org [ 6 ]. International Policy; http://www.pewenvironment.org [ 7 ]. The Sovereignty of the Sea: A historical account of the claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas, and of the Evolution of the Territorial Waters; Thomas Wemyss Fulton; at p. 3. [ 8 ]. Oppenheim’s international law, op.cit, p. 727 as stated in H.O. Agarwal’s International Law and human Rights, 18th edition, at p. 151. [ 9 ]. Oppenheim’s International Law, op, cit, p.727 As stated in H.O.Agarwal’s International Law and human Rights; 18th edition at p. 151.

A Feminist Perspective of Othello Essay -- Othello essays

A Feminist Perspective of Othello  Ã‚  Ã‚      Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello closes the final scene of the last act with the spiritual superiority of the heroine firmly established over that of the hero. This is one of many aspects regarding the feminine perspective on the drama, the subject of this essay. A.C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the violence against the heroine as a â€Å"sin against the canons of art†: To some readers, again, parts of Othello appear shocking or even horrible. They think – if I may formulate their objection – that in these parts Shakespeare has sinned against the canons of art, by representing on the stage a violence or brutality the effect of which is unnecessarily painful and rather sensational than tragic. The passages which thus give offence are probably those already referred to – that where Othello strikes Desdemona (IV.i.251), that where he affects to treat her as an inmate of a house of ill-fame (IV.ii), and finally the scene of her death. (174) At the outset of the play only the male perspective is given: Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, in the middle of the night. Once there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughter’s elopement with Othello. In response to the noise and Iago’s vulgar descriptions of Desdemona’s involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. With Roderigo’s help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The father’s attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before: It is too true an evil: gone she is;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   And what's to come of my despised... ...espearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Gardner, Helen. â€Å"Othello: A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from â€Å"The Noble Moor.† British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

How Effective Is Solar Energy Environmental Sciences Essay

Solar energy is beaming energy that is produced by the Sun. Solar energy has been used since 400 B.C. It started to be commercialized during the eighteenth century. In present times, energy emitted by the Sun is harnessed by photovoltaic ( PV ) cells for assorted applications. These include domestic family utilizations, industrial usage, cardinal power Stationss and H2O warming intents. However, due to the technological restrictions, families can non be entirely dependent on solar energy. Compared to non renewable fuels, solar energy may stand for a cleansing agent alternate solution as it does non breathe harmful waste. In add-on, solar energy requires comparatively low care costs. But on the other manus, photovoltaic cells may be harmful to animal home grounds due to their broad land ingestion. In add-on, the presence of PV cells may interfere with natural lighting, rainfall and drainage. To get the better of such jobs, panels are mounted on roof tops of houses and industrial edifices. Another concern is in the signifier of wellness hazards to worlds presented by harmful substances contained within solar panels. Last, there is a possibility of H2O taint if H2O used for the intent of chilling photovoltaic cells is non treated decently. Even though solar merely accounts for 1 % of energy used globally, the hereafter of solar energy applications looks assuring. As the universe is progressively concerned about impacts on planetary environment and as more people use solar energy, economic systems of graduated table may cut down solar energy related costs. Many on-going surveies are concentrating on ways to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells every bit good as to bring forth electricity from solar energy at lower costs. Such betterments would do solar energy more feasible in the hereafter. History/Background of Use and Technology Background Solar energy is beaming energy that is produced by the Sun. Every twenty-four hours the Sun radiates an tremendous sum of energy. Yet, merely a little part of the energy radiated by the Sun into infinite strikes the Earth. About 15 % of the Sun ‘s energy that hits the Earth is reflected back into infinite. Another 30 % is used to vaporize H2O. Solar energy is besides absorbed by workss, the land and the oceans ( The Need Project, 2008 ) . The remainder could be used to provide our energy demands. History[ 1 ] Peoples have harnessed solar energy for centuries. Equally early as the seventh century B.C. the ancient Greek and Native Americans were the first to utilize solar power to their benefit. Peoples used simple magnifying spectacless to concentrate the visible radiation from the Sun into beams so hot they would do wood to catch fire. The first solar aggregator was built in 1776. The solar H2O warmer gained popularity early in 1920s and was in full swing merely earlier World War II. This growing lasted until the mid-1950s when low-priced natural gas became the primary fuel for warming. The populace and universe authoritiess remained mostly apathetic to the possibilities of solar energy until the oil deficits of the 1970s ( Solar Energy History, 2006 ) . Today, people use solar energy to heat edifices and generate electricity. While solar power is normally used today than any other clip in history, the basicss are about the same as they have ever been. The photovoltaic engineering has bee n updated so that the panels are thin and smaller but the engineering is fundamentally the same. Uses and Technology[ 2 ] In past decennaries, solar energy was used widely in different Fieldss of life. Back in 400 B.C. , Native Americans and ancient Greeks built their houses into the side of hills to take advantage of the heat storage from the Sun during the twenty-four hours that would so be released during the dark. On the other manus, Romans were the first to utilize glass Windowss to pin down the heat of the Sun in their places. They were focussed about the saving of solar energy that they erected glass houses to make the right conditions to turn workss and seeds. During the eighteenth century, legion discoverers came up with different thoughts of merchandises that facilitate use of solar energy. The first solar aggregator built in 1776 would so execute undertakings like infrigidation and motive power. The steam engine built in 1861 used 100 % solar energy. In 1880, the first visible radiation change overing photovoltaic cells were made from Se. 10 old ages subsequently, the first commercial H2O warmer was introduced. In the 1990s, solar power was seen as a great alternate to oil and crude oil merchandises. Therefore, it has been and is being utilised with the aid of engineering in bring forthing power. Presently, solar energy is used around the universe. It has been introduced and used extensively in industrial applications, residential places and cardinal power Stationss. Current Uses and Issues of Solar Energy The Earth ‘s atmosphere absorbs about 3.85 ten 1024 Js per twelvemonth, nevertheless merely a little portion of this energy can be harnessed by worlds due to technological restrictions. Nowadays, solar energy has many applications in around the universe and they are traveling to be discussed along with the issues they can do. Applications[ 3 ]: Residential Homes In recent old ages, there has been a rapid growing in the figure of installings of photovoltaic ( PV ) panels on to edifices that are connected to the electricity grid. This country of demand has been stimulated in portion by authorities subsidy programmes and by green pricing policies of public-service corporations or electricity service suppliers. In these grid-connected systems, PV System supply electricity to the edifice and any day-time surplus may be exported to the grid. Batteries are non required because the grid supplies any excess demand. In most states implementing the engineering, a policy called the Feed-In-Tariff ( FIT ) has been implemented in the system. This policy allows consumers to bring forth their ain electricity utilizing the PV system and to sell it to the grid. This has the possible advantage of cut downing their monthly electricity measure. The chief drawback of this application is that the monetary value of electricity will finally lift as the bring forthing companies will hold to maintain up their income and therefore the consumers will stop up paying more than they were paying before put ining the PV panels. Furthermore, the PV system can non bring forth adequate electricity at a stable rate for an full place to depend on it. Hence, houses can non be wholly dependent on solar energy with the current engineering. Industrial Applications Solar energy has been the power supply of pick for many industrial applications, where power is required at distant locations. These applications are economic and without subsidy. Examples of such utilizations are powering microwave repeater Stationss, Television and wireless, telemetry and wireless telephones. Solar energy is besides often used for transit signalling. For illustration, offshore pilotage buoys, beacons, aircraft warning visible radiations on pylons or constructions, and progressively in route traffic warning signals. The great benefit of solar energy here is that it is extremely dependable and requires small care so it is ideal in topographic points that are difficult to acquire to. However the PV panels may non be able to bring forth adequate electricity to carry through the electrical demands of the applications on cloudy or showery yearss. Therefore, these Stationss have to be connected to the grid or be equipped with generators working on oil or some other fuel. Cardinal Power Stations Solar energy can be harnessed utilizing PV panels to bring forth electricity. The largest solar power station can bring forth 354 MW of electricity. However to bring forth this sum of energy, people have to put in big Numberss of solar panel on a big sum of land, about 6.5 km2. This is really dearly-won. Furthermore, solar energy is intermittent and besides the solar panels have to be invariably adjusted so as to maximize the solar energy harnessed. Water warming Solar hot H2O systems use sunlight to heat H2O. In low geographical latitudes ( below 40A grades ) 60 % to 70 % of domestic hot H2O with temperatures up to 60A A °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The usage of solar hot H2O warmers is ideal if full Sun exposure is available and the use is traveling to be moderate. The cost to put in a domestic solar hot H2O system may be more than the money saved by non utilizing electricity from the grid for heating the H2O. Furthermore, the Sun is intermittent and therefore a uninterrupted supply of hot H2O can non be provided. Environmental Impact and Issues To cover with the issue of planetary heating and other jobs raised by non-renewable beginnings, solar energy represents a clean, alternate power solution towards the universe ‘s energy job. One of the chief grounds that make solar energy favorable compared to other is that it is environmental friendly, and the more efficaciously it is consumed, the more opportunities of it replacing fossil fuels as a chief beginning of energy. Although the after-effect of solar energy is mostly positive, the overall consequence should be to the full studied as attempts to detect its possible to travel frontward ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Some of the impacts and countries of concern are land perturbation, infinite consideration, risky constituent disposal and impact to H2O resources. To bring forth a perceivable sum of energy, a big figure of PV cells are required, which can take up a comparatively tremendous sum of infinite. For the intent of bring forthing electricity at a commercial graduated table, the building of solar energy installations requires relatively big countries for solar radiation aggregation ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Such big graduated table installings may interfere with natural sunshine, rainfall, and drainage, which could hold a assortment of effects on works and carnal life. This translates to an extra job where wildlife protection is concerned. Besides that, solar installations besides may interfere with bing land utilizations, such as farming. One practical solution for all these jobs could be to take advantage of fresh infinite on the roofs of houses and edifices and in urban and industrial tonss ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Photovoltaic panels may incorporate risky stuffs. Although risky constituents are good isolated under the solar operating system, there is a potency for environmental taint if improperly disposed of ( Solar energy Development Programmatic EIS Information Center ) . For illustration, liquids such as hydraulic fluids, coolants, and lubricators which normally use in most industry installations may show a spill hazard. Other issues are wellness concerns due to the risky stuff used such as arsenic, Si, and Cd. Inert Si can be unsafe if inhaled. Cadmium is highly toxic and can a cumulate in a given ecosystem if it is non monitored ( Vaux, 2010 ) . Other than land usage impact and risky disposal, H2O resources could besides be affected excessively, particularly the H2O that is required for the chilling of conventional steam workss used to bring forth electricity. In other words, addition in the demand for solar energy would necessitate a immense sum of H2O which could strive available H2O resources. Furthermore, if the chilling H2O is non appropriately treated, pollution of H2O resources could happen. However, this hazard can be minimized by good operating patterns ( Solar energy Development Programmatic EIS Information Center ) Current Future Outlook of Solar Energy Since the Sun is an ultimate energy beginning, the hereafter of solar energy seems assuring as no other beginning of energy may last forever. Solar power non merely promises a simple and non-polluting energy but besides a renewable beginning of energy ( Locsin, 2009 ) . However, the cost of using this solar energy is comparatively high ( Locsin, 2009 ) . While monetary values for electricity from photovoltaic cells may non go widely competitory compared to sweeping monetary values for electricity from conventional bring forthing engineerings within the following 25 old ages, they may be competitory with high retail electricity monetary values in cheery parts ( EIA a, 2009 ) . In cheery countries, the cost can be every bit low as 23 US cents per kilowatt-hour. EIA ‘s[ 4 ]Annual Energy Outlook 2009 undertakings that, by 2030, nightlong capacity costs for new bring forthing workss utilizing solar photovoltaic cells will be 37 % lower than the 2009 costs ( mention to calculate 1 ) . The sum of Sun energy that is presently able to be converted to electricity is comparatively low, about 7 % -17 % ( Bellis, 2010 ) . The possible energy that could be extracted from solar radiation is really big. Some experts estimate that the Sun can bring forth 10,000 times every bit much energy as the Earth used at the bend of the twenty-first century ( Ellis, 2010 ) . Entire U.S. installed solar thermic capacity, presently 400 megawatts, is projected to increase to 859 megawatts in 2030 ( EIA a, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 2 ) . Therefore, to be ideal and remain sustainable in the hereafter, world is suggested to efficaciously reap the energy from the Sun. As stated in the article, â€Å" Make Solar Energy Economical † ( 2008 ) , solar energy merely accounts for 1 % of the entire portion of energy consumed. Yet, the chances for bettering solar efficiency are assuring. Current criterion cells have a theoretical maximal efficiency of 31 % . But, add-on of new stuff may foster heighten the efficiency up to 34 % ( Think Solar Energy, 2009 ) . Another manner of bettering the efficiency involves a nanotechnology development which proposes that C nano-tubes may duplicate the efficiency of solar cells ( Think Solar Energy, 2009 ) . The use of solar energy is expected to increase with society ‘s turning concerns towards planetary heating and other issues related to planetary environment. In other words, to make a more sustainable universe, a great hope is laid on the solar energy. Research workers are besides working on developing engineerings that may let solar energy to be used in H2O electrolysis. The H from the H2O can so be used in fuel cells for transit and other utilizations ( The Optical Society of America, 2008 ) . Efficiency additions, coupled with other technological progresss, have been proven to cut down the cost of solar photovoltaic capacity from about US $ 300 per W in 1956 to less than US $ 5 per W in 2009 ( EIA a, 2009 ) . The efficiency of solar photovoltaic applications is expected to better farther as the engineering continues to be developed. As such, U.S. solar photovoltaic bring forthing capacity is projected to increase from 30 megawatts in 2006 to 381 megawatts in 2030 ( EIA a, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 2 ) . Scientists are encouraged to carry on more research in developing cheaper and more compatible solar panels with better efficiency that can vie with that of fossil fuels or other beginnings of energy to hike solar energy ingestion in the hereafter. Figure 2 -Net Generating Capacity Figure 1 -Projected Solar Capital Cost Brief Comparisons of Various Sources of Energy in the Future The current hereafter mentality for solar energy ingestion and demand show that it will non be the lone turning energy beginning. In the IEO[ 5 ]2009 survey, universe coal ingestion is besides forecasted to increase by 49 % from 2006 to 2030 and from 127.5 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 190.2 quadrillion Btu in 2030 ( mention to calculate 3 ) . Coal ‘s portion of universe energy ingestion will increase from 27 % in 2006 to 28 % in 2030. The growing rate for coal ingestion is reasonably even over the period, averaging 1.9 per centum per twelvemonth from 2006 to 2015 and 1.6 per centum per twelvemonth from 2015 to 2030. In the electric power sector its portion declines somewhat, from 42 per centum in 2006 to 40 per centum in 2020, and so increases to 42 per centum in 2030 ( EIA B, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 4 ) . Yet, behind the promising future mentality, over a span of clip and in the visible radiation of turning planetary heating argument, many consumers would choose for an surrogate more environmental friendly beginning of energy. Chiefly because of harmful coal emanations every bit good as the issue of militias handiness in the hereafter. Advancement in engineering is expected to drive down the use costs of solar energy to the degree where it is able to vie with coal and consumers will slowly get down devouring more solar energy. Figure 4 – Universe Coal Share Consumption Figure 3 – World Coal Consumption World liquids ingestion for the intent of electric power beginnings at the same clip is reported to increase in the IEO2009 mention instance from 85 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( 173 quadrillion Btu ) in 2006 to 107 million barrels per twenty-four hours ( 216 quadrillion Btu ) in 2030, despite universe oil monetary values that remain above US $ 100 per barrel ( in existent 2007 dollars ) from 2013 through the terminal of the projection period ( refer to calculate 5 ) . In the mention instance, the mean universe oil monetary value rises from US $ 61 per barrel in 200911 to US $ 110 per barrel in 2015 and US $ 130 per barrel in 2030 ( US $ 189 per barrel in nominal footings ) . In the low monetary value instance, oil monetary values average US $ 50 per barrel in 2030 ( US $ 73 per barrel in nominal footings ) , compared with US $ 200 per barrel ( US $ 289 per barrel in nominal footings ) in the high monetary value instance ( EIA c, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 6 ) . Sustained high universe oil monetary values due to proficient trouble, bad and really expensive polish undertakings – including those located in ultra-deep H2O and the Arctic, in combination with the draining of fuel militias and the pollution job will in the long term force consumers to exchange to cheaper, cleaner, and more eco-friendly energy such as solar. Figure 6 – Universe Oil Monetary values Figure 5 – World Liquid Consumption Last, in the IEO2009 mention instance, natural gas ingestion in non Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) states in peculiar is reported to turn more than twice every bit fast as in OECD states. Worldwide, entire natural gas ingestion will increase by an norm of 1.6 % per twelvemonth from 104 trillion three-dimensional pess in 2006 to 153 trillion three-dimensional pess in 2030 ( EIA d, 2009 ) ( refer to calculate 7 ) . Despite its turning demands and ingestion in the hereafter, keeping the premise of universe oil monetary values that remains high through the terminal of the projection of 2030, consumers would choose for the relatively less expensive natural gas for their energy demands whenever possible ( EIA d, 2009 ) . Natural gas has besides become an attractive pick for new bring forthing workss for its comparative fuel efficiency and less C dioxide produced compared to char or crude oil. However, in the long tally, the handiness of the recoverable natural gas militias will besides be of concern and costs will non stay as they are but will increase over clip hence driving consumers towards the use of solar energy as an surrogate energy that has greater length of service. Figure 7 – World Natural Gas Consumption Decision Solar energy has been used for centuries. It is a cleaner energy beginning with great potency for a universe where assorted steps are being taken to follow greener, more sustainable patterns. Intermittent Sun, high operation costs and ongoing research into efficient engineerings limit current solar usage. Research into methods of increasing harnessed energy from the Sun will in bend addition solar energy usage which presently is a infinitesimal part of the universe ‘s entire energy usage. There are environmental concerns but these can be minimised with equal handling. To be more sustainable, mankind are suggested to efficaciously reap energy from the Sun. Although the cost of using this solar energy in comparing with of other non renewable beginnings of energy is still comparatively high, through promotions in engineering and research, it is projected to diminish to a degree where it is able to vie with other beginnings of energy such as coal, fuels and natural gas. The Sun, unlike any other energy beginning, is an ultimate energy beginning that may last everlastingly assuring a simple and non-polluting energy.

Early College High School College - 1300 Words

EARLY COLLEGE HIGH SCHOOL Early College High Schools (ECHS) are innovative high schools that allow students least likely to attend college an opportunity to earn a high school diploma and 60 college credit hours. Early College High Schools: †¢ provide dual credit at no cost to students †¢ offer rigorous instruction and accelerated courses †¢ provide academic and social support services to help students succeed †¢ increase college readiness, and †¢ reduce barriers to college access. The University of Texas of the Permian Basin Through an agreement with University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Slaton High School students will be given an opportunity to earn both high school and college credit for the following courses through Interactive Television Broadcast or Online: †¢ ENGL 1301 – Composition I (English III) ENGL 1302 – Composition II (English III) †¢ ENGL 2322 – British Literature to 1800 (English IV) ENGL 2323 – British Literature since 1800 (English IV) ENGL 2327 – American Literature to 1865 †¢ HIST 1301 – US to 1877 (U.S. History) †¢ HIST 1302 – US since 1877 (U.S. History) Music 2310 – Jazz, Pop, and Rock †¢ PSYC 1301 – Intro to Psychology SOC 1301 – Intro to Sociology ART 1301 – Art Appreciation †¢ COMM1315 – Intro to Public Speaking (Communication Apps) CRIM 2336 – Intro to Criminology †¢ ENGL 2328 – American Literature since 1865 †¢ MATH 1314 – College Algebra MATH 2412 – Pre-Calculus MATH 2413 – Calculus I †¢ PLSC 2305 – American National Politics (US Government) SPANShow MoreRelatedStudents Of The Metro Early College High School2335 Words   |  10 PagesWe, the students of the Metro Early College High School, in order to promote the conditions of our peers and provide prosperity to our community, both as students and citizens, for the continuity of our school and for the classmen to come do establish this as the constitution of the Student Council of the Metro Early College High School. 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